SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 (34)
This is a continuation of the topic SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 (33).
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Is a COVID summer surge coming? Here’s what CDC data shows
Alix Martichoux - 06/16/24
...Wastewater testing, which can help detect the spread of a COVID in a community, has shown a significant uptick of the virus in several states.
...Emergency room visits related to COVID-19 are also on the rise... spiking 12.6 % in one week.
...hospitalizations for COVID-19 remain very low nationwide.
...1% increase in positive tests, but with the proliferation of at-home COVID testing, positive cases often go unreported.
The uptick in cases may be driven by the new dominant subvariants, like FLiRT and KP.3. While COVID vaccines are still very effective against these strains, it may be a while since you’ve gotten a booster, leaving you more susceptible.
“If everybody’s getting vaccinated in November and December and then everyone is getting sick in December and January, the population is all becoming susceptible around the same time in the summer,” Ilan Rubin, a research fellow at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health...
...travel and socializing that comes with summer may also increase your exposure. {margd: AC indoors during heat waves?}
https://thehill.com/homenews/4722607-is-a-covid-summer-surge-coming-heres-what-c...
Alix Martichoux - 06/16/24
...Wastewater testing, which can help detect the spread of a COVID in a community, has shown a significant uptick of the virus in several states.
...Emergency room visits related to COVID-19 are also on the rise... spiking 12.6 % in one week.
...hospitalizations for COVID-19 remain very low nationwide.
...1% increase in positive tests, but with the proliferation of at-home COVID testing, positive cases often go unreported.
The uptick in cases may be driven by the new dominant subvariants, like FLiRT and KP.3. While COVID vaccines are still very effective against these strains, it may be a while since you’ve gotten a booster, leaving you more susceptible.
“If everybody’s getting vaccinated in November and December and then everyone is getting sick in December and January, the population is all becoming susceptible around the same time in the summer,” Ilan Rubin, a research fellow at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health...
...travel and socializing that comes with summer may also increase your exposure. {margd: AC indoors during heat waves?}
https://thehill.com/homenews/4722607-is-a-covid-summer-surge-coming-heres-what-c...
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New Study: How Vaccination Impacts Long COVID Recovery
Columbia University Irving Medical Center | June 17, 2024
Long COVID Blocks
A recent study from Columbia University explores the persistent impact of COVID-19, revealing that long COVID affects individuals differently based on factors like vaccination status and pre-existing health conditions.
Research by Columbia University on over 4,700 participants shows that long COVID has a varied impact, influenced by vaccination status and pre-existing conditions. Vaccinated individuals and those with milder initial infections tended to recover faster, while certain groups, such as women and individuals with cardiovascular issues, took longer...
https://scitechdaily.com/new-study-how-vaccination-impacts-long-covid-recovery/
--------------------------------------------
Elizabeth C. Oelsner et al. 2024. Epidemiologic Features of Recovery from SARS-CoV-2 Infection. JAMA Network Open, 17 June 2024; 7(6):e2417440. 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.17440. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2820087
ABSTRACT
... Conclusions and Relevance. In this cohort study, more than 1 in 5 adults did not recover within 3 months of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Recovery within 3 months was less likely in women and those with preexisting cardiovascular disease and more likely in those with COVID-19 vaccination or infection during the Omicron variant wave.
Columbia University Irving Medical Center | June 17, 2024
Long COVID Blocks
A recent study from Columbia University explores the persistent impact of COVID-19, revealing that long COVID affects individuals differently based on factors like vaccination status and pre-existing health conditions.
Research by Columbia University on over 4,700 participants shows that long COVID has a varied impact, influenced by vaccination status and pre-existing conditions. Vaccinated individuals and those with milder initial infections tended to recover faster, while certain groups, such as women and individuals with cardiovascular issues, took longer...
https://scitechdaily.com/new-study-how-vaccination-impacts-long-covid-recovery/
--------------------------------------------
Elizabeth C. Oelsner et al. 2024. Epidemiologic Features of Recovery from SARS-CoV-2 Infection. JAMA Network Open, 17 June 2024; 7(6):e2417440. 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.17440. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2820087
ABSTRACT
... Conclusions and Relevance. In this cohort study, more than 1 in 5 adults did not recover within 3 months of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Recovery within 3 months was less likely in women and those with preexisting cardiovascular disease and more likely in those with COVID-19 vaccination or infection during the Omicron variant wave.
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Yale Prof. Akiko Iwasaki @VirusesImmunity | 12:32 PM · Jun 19, 2024 {X}:
What determines whether someone gets infected or not after exposure to SARS-CoV-2? A new study by Lindeboom et al examined this question with COVID-19 human challenge study:
Rik G. H. Lindeboom et al. 2024. Human SARS-CoV-2 challenge uncovers local and systemic response dynamics. Nature, 19 June 2024. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07575-x
Ben Israelow and I summarize their key findings in this {2p} News & Views:
Benjamin Israelow & Akiko Iwasaki 2024. Immune features linked to COVID susceptibility (News & Views). Nature, 19 June 2024. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-024-01644-x {Here is the SharedIt link to our 2-page piece https://rdcu.be/dLjEt }
----------------------------------------
Israelow and Iwasaki (2024) conclude "future plans with this model include testing intranasal vaccine candidates", referring readers to https://cepi.net/global-consortium-plans-coordinated-human-challenge-studies-hun....
______________________________
margd: Intranasal vaccines may reliably prevent COVID infection, unlike current vaccines which are administered intramuscularly and minimize COVID severity. I am curious to see if Prof Iwasaki will discuss Lindeboom et al's findings with respect to Neosporin which she and colleagues found increases innate immunity to pathogens such as Type A flu -- bird flu is Type A -- and COVID, when swabbed in nostrils daily for ~ 1 week.
_____________________________
ETA:
Covid immune response study could explain why some escape infection
Hannah Devlin | 19 Jun 2024
The study, in which healthy adults were intentionally given a small nasal dose of Covid virus, suggested that specialised immune cells in the nose could see off the virus at the earliest stage before full infection takes hold. Those who did not succumb to infection also had high levels of activity in a gene that is thought to help flag the presence of viruses to the immune system...
... participants were found to fall into three distinct groups: six people developed a sustained infection and became ill; three people became transiently positive but without developing a full infection; and seven experienced an “abortive infection”. This subset never tested positive, but the tests showed they had mounted an immune response. {margd: reflects screwy results many of us get in home test kits in recent days?}
...findings could provide a basis for developing more effective treatments and vaccines that mimic optimal protective responses.
https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jun/19/covid-immune-response-stud...
What determines whether someone gets infected or not after exposure to SARS-CoV-2? A new study by Lindeboom et al examined this question with COVID-19 human challenge study:
Rik G. H. Lindeboom et al. 2024. Human SARS-CoV-2 challenge uncovers local and systemic response dynamics. Nature, 19 June 2024. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07575-x
Ben Israelow and I summarize their key findings in this {2p} News & Views:
Benjamin Israelow & Akiko Iwasaki 2024. Immune features linked to COVID susceptibility (News & Views). Nature, 19 June 2024. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-024-01644-x {Here is the SharedIt link to our 2-page piece https://rdcu.be/dLjEt }
----------------------------------------
Israelow and Iwasaki (2024) conclude "future plans with this model include testing intranasal vaccine candidates", referring readers to https://cepi.net/global-consortium-plans-coordinated-human-challenge-studies-hun....
______________________________
margd: Intranasal vaccines may reliably prevent COVID infection, unlike current vaccines which are administered intramuscularly and minimize COVID severity. I am curious to see if Prof Iwasaki will discuss Lindeboom et al's findings with respect to Neosporin which she and colleagues found increases innate immunity to pathogens such as Type A flu -- bird flu is Type A -- and COVID, when swabbed in nostrils daily for ~ 1 week.
_____________________________
ETA:
Covid immune response study could explain why some escape infection
Hannah Devlin | 19 Jun 2024
The study, in which healthy adults were intentionally given a small nasal dose of Covid virus, suggested that specialised immune cells in the nose could see off the virus at the earliest stage before full infection takes hold. Those who did not succumb to infection also had high levels of activity in a gene that is thought to help flag the presence of viruses to the immune system...
... participants were found to fall into three distinct groups: six people developed a sustained infection and became ill; three people became transiently positive but without developing a full infection; and seven experienced an “abortive infection”. This subset never tested positive, but the tests showed they had mounted an immune response. {margd: reflects screwy results many of us get in home test kits in recent days?}
...findings could provide a basis for developing more effective treatments and vaccines that mimic optimal protective responses.
https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jun/19/covid-immune-response-stud...
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U.S. CDC warns of rising COVID-19 cases due to new variant LB.1
CGTN | 22-Jun-2024
...COVID-19 test positivity in the U.S. has increased to 6.6 percent from 5.4 percent in the previous week.
Data from the CDC shows that currently, LB.1 is the third dominant variant in the U.S., accounting for 17.5 percent of the cases from June, following KP.3 and KP.2 with 33.1 percent and 20.8 percent of cases, respectively.
All three of these variants share a common ancestor in the JN.1 strain that drove a wave of cases last winter. Both LB.1 and KP.3 are being monitored by the CDC as they are becoming widespread across the country.
https://news.cgtn.com/news/2024-06-22/-U-S-CDC-warns-of-rising-COVID-19-cases-du...
CGTN | 22-Jun-2024
...COVID-19 test positivity in the U.S. has increased to 6.6 percent from 5.4 percent in the previous week.
Data from the CDC shows that currently, LB.1 is the third dominant variant in the U.S., accounting for 17.5 percent of the cases from June, following KP.3 and KP.2 with 33.1 percent and 20.8 percent of cases, respectively.
All three of these variants share a common ancestor in the JN.1 strain that drove a wave of cases last winter. Both LB.1 and KP.3 are being monitored by the CDC as they are becoming widespread across the country.
https://news.cgtn.com/news/2024-06-22/-U-S-CDC-warns-of-rising-COVID-19-cases-du...
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COVID-19 Vaccines May Reduce Virus-Induced Memory Problems
Neuroscience | June 27, 2024
Summary: COVID-19-induced cognitive impairment is linked to the protein IL-1β. Researchers found that vaccination can reduce brain inflammation and memory loss in rodent models. This suggests vaccines may lower the risk of long COVID brain fog. More research is needed to confirm these findings in humans.
https://neurosciencenews.com/covid-vaccine-memory-26381/
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Abigail Vanderheiden et al. 2024. Vaccination reduces central nervous system IL-1β and memory deficits after COVID-19 in mice. Nature Immunology (20 June 2024). https://www.nature.com/articles/s41590-024-01868-z
Abstract
... Interleukin-1 (IL-1), a key component of innate immune defense against SARS-CoV-2 infection, is elevated in the hippocampi of individuals with COVID-19. Here we show that intranasal infection of ... mice with SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant leads to central nervous system infiltration of ... monocytes and microglial activation. Accordingly, SARS-CoV-2, but not H1N1 influenza virus, increases levels of brain IL-1β and induces persistent IL-1R1-mediated loss of hippocampal neurogenesis, which promotes postacute cognitive deficits. Vaccination with a low dose of adenoviral-vectored spike protein prevents hippocampal production of IL-1β during breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection, loss of neurogenesis and subsequent memory deficits. Our study identifies IL-1β as one potential mechanism driving SARS-CoV-2-induced cognitive impairment in a new mouse model that is prevented by vaccination.
Neuroscience | June 27, 2024
Summary: COVID-19-induced cognitive impairment is linked to the protein IL-1β. Researchers found that vaccination can reduce brain inflammation and memory loss in rodent models. This suggests vaccines may lower the risk of long COVID brain fog. More research is needed to confirm these findings in humans.
https://neurosciencenews.com/covid-vaccine-memory-26381/
--------------------------------------------
Abigail Vanderheiden et al. 2024. Vaccination reduces central nervous system IL-1β and memory deficits after COVID-19 in mice. Nature Immunology (20 June 2024). https://www.nature.com/articles/s41590-024-01868-z
Abstract
... Interleukin-1 (IL-1), a key component of innate immune defense against SARS-CoV-2 infection, is elevated in the hippocampi of individuals with COVID-19. Here we show that intranasal infection of ... mice with SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant leads to central nervous system infiltration of ... monocytes and microglial activation. Accordingly, SARS-CoV-2, but not H1N1 influenza virus, increases levels of brain IL-1β and induces persistent IL-1R1-mediated loss of hippocampal neurogenesis, which promotes postacute cognitive deficits. Vaccination with a low dose of adenoviral-vectored spike protein prevents hippocampal production of IL-1β during breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection, loss of neurogenesis and subsequent memory deficits. Our study identifies IL-1β as one potential mechanism driving SARS-CoV-2-induced cognitive impairment in a new mouse model that is prevented by vaccination.
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Yue Zhang et al. 2024. Does COVID-19 Increase the Risk of Subsequent Kidney Diseases More Than Influenza? A Retrospective Cohort Study Using Real-World Data In the United States. Med Rxiv 28 June 2024. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.06.27.24309556 doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.06.27.24309556
Preprint, not yet peer-reviewed.
Abstract
...Conclusion: In this large real-world study, COVID-19 infections were associated with a
2.3-fold risk of developing AKI {acute kidney injury},
a 1.4-fold risk of CKD {chronic kidney disease}, and
a 4.7-fold risk of ESRD {end-stage renal disease} compared to influenza. Greater attention needs to be paid to kidney diseases in individuals after contracting COVID-19 to prevent future adverse health outcomes.
Preprint, not yet peer-reviewed.
Abstract
...Conclusion: In this large real-world study, COVID-19 infections were associated with a
2.3-fold risk of developing AKI {acute kidney injury},
a 1.4-fold risk of CKD {chronic kidney disease}, and
a 4.7-fold risk of ESRD {end-stage renal disease} compared to influenza. Greater attention needs to be paid to kidney diseases in individuals after contracting COVID-19 to prevent future adverse health outcomes.
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>3 margd: contd.
Antibodies from Long Covid patients prompt symptoms in mice
Jennifer Couzin-Frankel | 21 Jun 2024
Two new studies suggest dysfunctional immune system attacking a patient’s own tissues might drive the challenging condition...
doi: 10.1126/science.zbzipqn
https://www.science.org/content/article/antibodies-long-covid-patients-prompt-sy...
Antibodies from Long Covid patients prompt symptoms in mice
Jennifer Couzin-Frankel | 21 Jun 2024
Two new studies suggest dysfunctional immune system attacking a patient’s own tissues might drive the challenging condition...
doi: 10.1126/science.zbzipqn
https://www.science.org/content/article/antibodies-long-covid-patients-prompt-sy...
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NIH announces launch of clinical trial for nasal COVID vaccine
Lisa Schnirring | 2 July 2024
...first-generation COVID vaccines ... are still effective for preventing severe illness, hospitalization, and death ... however, they aren't as good at preventing illness and battling milder disease.
...The investigational vaccine, called MPV/S-2P, uses a murine pneumonia vector (MPV) to deliver a version of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. The NIH said MPV has an affinity for epithelial cells that line the respiratory tract and may be useful for delivering the vaccine to body sites where natural coronavirus infection begins. In preclinical nonhuman primate studies, the vaccine prompted a robust systemic immune response as well as mucosal immunity, which plays a greater role in controlling respiratory virus replication....
https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/covid-19/nih-announces-launch-clinical-trial-nasal-co...
-----------------------------------------
NIH-sponsored trial of nasal COVID-19 vaccine opens
NIH News Release | July 1, 2024
Candidate vaccine could provide enhanced breadth of protection against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants...
https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-sponsored-trial-nasal-covid-19...
Lisa Schnirring | 2 July 2024
...first-generation COVID vaccines ... are still effective for preventing severe illness, hospitalization, and death ... however, they aren't as good at preventing illness and battling milder disease.
...The investigational vaccine, called MPV/S-2P, uses a murine pneumonia vector (MPV) to deliver a version of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. The NIH said MPV has an affinity for epithelial cells that line the respiratory tract and may be useful for delivering the vaccine to body sites where natural coronavirus infection begins. In preclinical nonhuman primate studies, the vaccine prompted a robust systemic immune response as well as mucosal immunity, which plays a greater role in controlling respiratory virus replication....
https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/covid-19/nih-announces-launch-clinical-trial-nasal-co...
-----------------------------------------
NIH-sponsored trial of nasal COVID-19 vaccine opens
NIH News Release | July 1, 2024
Candidate vaccine could provide enhanced breadth of protection against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants...
https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-sponsored-trial-nasal-covid-19...
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COVID's Hidden Toll: Full-Body Scans Reveal Long-Term Immune Effects
Health
Carly Cassella | 04 July 2024
... When 24 patients who had recovered from COVID-19 had their whole bodies scanned by a PET (positron emission tomography) imaging test, their insides lit up like Christmas trees.
A radioactive drug called a tracer revealed abnormal T cell activity in the brain stem, spinal cord, bone marrow, nose, throat, some lymph nodes, heart and lung tissue, and the wall of the gut, compared to whole-body scans from before the pandemic.
This widespread effect was apparent in the 18 participants with long COVID symptoms and the six participants who had fully recovered from the acute phase of COVID-19.
...The findings are only correlative, but they provide compelling evidence that long COVID is tied to the persistence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in the body and abnormal immune activity.
...The study was published in Science Translational Medicine. {margd: article not loading at the moment.}
https://www.sciencealert.com/covids-hidden-toll-full-body-scans-reveal-long-term...
Health
Carly Cassella | 04 July 2024
... When 24 patients who had recovered from COVID-19 had their whole bodies scanned by a PET (positron emission tomography) imaging test, their insides lit up like Christmas trees.
A radioactive drug called a tracer revealed abnormal T cell activity in the brain stem, spinal cord, bone marrow, nose, throat, some lymph nodes, heart and lung tissue, and the wall of the gut, compared to whole-body scans from before the pandemic.
This widespread effect was apparent in the 18 participants with long COVID symptoms and the six participants who had fully recovered from the acute phase of COVID-19.
...The findings are only correlative, but they provide compelling evidence that long COVID is tied to the persistence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in the body and abnormal immune activity.
...The study was published in Science Translational Medicine. {margd: article not loading at the moment.}
https://www.sciencealert.com/covids-hidden-toll-full-body-scans-reveal-long-term...
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Kids vaccinated against COVID may have lower rates of asthma symptoms
Mary Van Beusekom | 5 July 2024
https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/covid-19/kids-vaccinated-against-covid-may-have-lower...
----------------------------------------
Matthew M. Davis and Lakshmi K. Halasyamani 2024. COVID-19 Vaccination and Parent-Reported Symptomatic Child Asthma Prevalence (Research Letter). JAMA Netw Open. 3 July 2024;7(7):e2419979. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.19979 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2820710
...Discussion
In this study, which is the first population-level parent-reported childhood asthma symptom prevalence and COVID-19 vaccination study we know of, we found that higher COVID-19 vaccination rates may confer protection against symptomatic asthma. COVID-19 vaccination yields prophylactic benefits against SARS-CoV-2 infection for individual children... and may also protect against other human coronaviruses through cross-reactive antibody responses... Community-level immunity in states with higher vaccination rates may have helped reduce children’s asthma risk. In contrast, neither concurrent exposure to high population-level burden of COVID-19–attributed disease nor sustained state-level face mask requirements were associated with concurrent trends in parent-reported symptomatic childhood asthma.
A key limitation of this analysis is that state-level estimates of COVID-19 vaccination rates among children with a history of asthma are not available. Therefore, we could not assess for differences in symptomatic asthma among vaccinated vs unvaccinated children. Nonetheless, reduction in symptomatic asthma among children in 20201 and overall individual-level COVID-19 mortality reduction with vaccination against SARS-CoV-26 offer external support for our state-level findings. Moreover, the absence of association of COVID-19 vaccination (administered predominantly in 2021) with population-level COVID-19 mortality in 2020 serves as a negative control. These findings merit further assessment to determine whether childhood asthma symptom prevalence may be reduced by sustained vaccination efforts against SARS-CoV-2.
Mary Van Beusekom | 5 July 2024
https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/covid-19/kids-vaccinated-against-covid-may-have-lower...
----------------------------------------
Matthew M. Davis and Lakshmi K. Halasyamani 2024. COVID-19 Vaccination and Parent-Reported Symptomatic Child Asthma Prevalence (Research Letter). JAMA Netw Open. 3 July 2024;7(7):e2419979. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.19979 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2820710
...Discussion
In this study, which is the first population-level parent-reported childhood asthma symptom prevalence and COVID-19 vaccination study we know of, we found that higher COVID-19 vaccination rates may confer protection against symptomatic asthma. COVID-19 vaccination yields prophylactic benefits against SARS-CoV-2 infection for individual children... and may also protect against other human coronaviruses through cross-reactive antibody responses... Community-level immunity in states with higher vaccination rates may have helped reduce children’s asthma risk. In contrast, neither concurrent exposure to high population-level burden of COVID-19–attributed disease nor sustained state-level face mask requirements were associated with concurrent trends in parent-reported symptomatic childhood asthma.
A key limitation of this analysis is that state-level estimates of COVID-19 vaccination rates among children with a history of asthma are not available. Therefore, we could not assess for differences in symptomatic asthma among vaccinated vs unvaccinated children. Nonetheless, reduction in symptomatic asthma among children in 20201 and overall individual-level COVID-19 mortality reduction with vaccination against SARS-CoV-26 offer external support for our state-level findings. Moreover, the absence of association of COVID-19 vaccination (administered predominantly in 2021) with population-level COVID-19 mortality in 2020 serves as a negative control. These findings merit further assessment to determine whether childhood asthma symptom prevalence may be reduced by sustained vaccination efforts against SARS-CoV-2.
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Emmanuel {France} @ejustin46 | 11:12 PM · Jul 6, 2024:
QUERCETIN* MAY REDUCE the RISK of DEVELOPING the SYMPTOMS of COVID-19
Quercetin is a natural compound found in some foods. {Wikipedia: plant flavonol from the flavonoid group of polyphenols. It is found in many fruits, vegetables, leaves, seeds, and grains; capers, red onions, and kale are common foods containing appreciable amounts of it.}
Marjan Ajami et al. 2024. Quercetin may reduce the risk of developing the
symptoms of COVID-19 (Review Article). Journal of Phytomedicine
Volume 14, Issue 2, March and April 2024, Pages 189-201.
DOI:10.22038/ajp.2023.22920 https://ajp.mums.ac.ir/article_22920.html
2) This review shows that Quercetin may:
- Prevent the main COVID-19 virus protein from working, which stops the virus from spreading.
- Reduce the activity of ACE2 receptors that the virus uses to enter cells.
- Have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immune-boosting effects .
Fig 1 anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities of quercetin (https://x.com/ejustin46/status/1809787597843038544/photo/1)
3) that could help manage COVID-19 symptoms.
While more research is needed, quercetin appears to be a promising natural compound that could be used along with other treatments to reduce the risk of developing severe COVID-19 symptoms...
Table 1. Summary of studies on the antiviral properties of quercetin (https://x.com/ejustin46/status/1809787604470026483/photo/1)
-------------------------------------
* Healthline: What Is Quercetin? Benefits, Foods, Dosage, and Side Effects (https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/quercetin)
QUERCETIN* MAY REDUCE the RISK of DEVELOPING the SYMPTOMS of COVID-19
Quercetin is a natural compound found in some foods. {Wikipedia: plant flavonol from the flavonoid group of polyphenols. It is found in many fruits, vegetables, leaves, seeds, and grains; capers, red onions, and kale are common foods containing appreciable amounts of it.}
Marjan Ajami et al. 2024. Quercetin may reduce the risk of developing the
symptoms of COVID-19 (Review Article). Journal of Phytomedicine
Volume 14, Issue 2, March and April 2024, Pages 189-201.
DOI:10.22038/ajp.2023.22920 https://ajp.mums.ac.ir/article_22920.html
2) This review shows that Quercetin may:
- Prevent the main COVID-19 virus protein from working, which stops the virus from spreading.
- Reduce the activity of ACE2 receptors that the virus uses to enter cells.
- Have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immune-boosting effects .
Fig 1 anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities of quercetin (https://x.com/ejustin46/status/1809787597843038544/photo/1)
3) that could help manage COVID-19 symptoms.
While more research is needed, quercetin appears to be a promising natural compound that could be used along with other treatments to reduce the risk of developing severe COVID-19 symptoms...
Table 1. Summary of studies on the antiviral properties of quercetin (https://x.com/ejustin46/status/1809787604470026483/photo/1)
-------------------------------------
* Healthline: What Is Quercetin? Benefits, Foods, Dosage, and Side Effects (https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/quercetin)
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Vipin M. Vashishtha @vipintukur | 3:41 AM · Jul 7, 2024 {X}:
Pediatrician, ‘rational’ vaccine thinker, Editor Covid Vaccines, TB on Vaccines & many others, Past-Convener IAP COI, Member-WHO-VSN (http://vaccinesafetynet.org) {India}
https://x.com/vipintukur/status/1809855220626706858
Relationship between SARS-CoV-2 viral dynamics during acute infection & development of #LongCOVID:
A NEW study finds that the longer the time from peak viral load to viral RNA clearance during acute COVID-19, the higher risk of developing #LongCOVID. 1/ ...
Conclusions:
1- The researchers observed that longer time from peak viral load to viral RNA clearance during acute COVID-19 was associated with an increased risk of developing long COVID. 9/
2-Slower clearance rates were associated with greater number of symptoms of longCOVID.
3-These findings suggest that early viral-host dynamics are mechanistically important in the subsequent development of long COVID. 10/1
----------------------------------------
Carly B Herbert et al. 2024. Relationship between acute SARS-CoV-2 viral clearance with Long COVID Symptoms: a cohort study. MedRxiv 5 July 2024. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.07.04.24309953 https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.04.24309953v1
This article is a preprint and has not been certified by peer review
Abstract
... between October 2021 and February 2022 ...
Results: 172 participants were eligible for analyses, and 59 (34.3%) reported experiencing long COVID. The risk of long COVID with 3-4 symptoms and 5+ symptoms increased by 2.44 times (aRR: 2.44 ....) and 4.97 times (aRR: 4.97 ...) per viral load slope-unit increase, respectively. Participants who developed long COVID had significantly longer times from peak viral load to viral clearance during acute disease than those who never developed long COVID (8.65 ... vs. 10.0 ...). The slope of viral clearance was significantly positively associated with long COVID symptoms of fatigue (aRR: 2.86 ...), brain fog (aRR: 4.94 ...), shortness of breath (aRR: 5.05 ...), and gastrointestinal symptoms (aRR: 5.46 ...).
Discussion: We observed that longer time from peak viral load to viral RNA clearance during acute COVID-19 was associated with an increased risk of developing long COVID. Further, slower clearance rates were associated with greater number of symptoms of long COVID. These findings suggest that early viral-host dynamics are mechanistically important in the subsequent development of long COVID.
...Discussion
...FDA granted an EUA for Paxlovid for the treatment of individuals with mild to moderate COVID-19 at risk of developing severe COVID-19 on December 22, 2021, which occurred in the middle of our study. However, outside of long-term care settings, use of Paxlovid in January and February 2022 was very low in the United States...
Conclusion
We observed that slower rates of viral RNA clearances during acute COVID-19 were associated with an increased risk of developing long COVID. Further, slower clearance rates were associated with a greater number of long COVID symptoms. These findings suggest that early viral-host dynamics are mechanistically important in the subsequent development of long COVID.
Pediatrician, ‘rational’ vaccine thinker, Editor Covid Vaccines, TB on Vaccines & many others, Past-Convener IAP COI, Member-WHO-VSN (http://vaccinesafetynet.org) {India}
https://x.com/vipintukur/status/1809855220626706858
Relationship between SARS-CoV-2 viral dynamics during acute infection & development of #LongCOVID:
A NEW study finds that the longer the time from peak viral load to viral RNA clearance during acute COVID-19, the higher risk of developing #LongCOVID. 1/ ...
Conclusions:
1- The researchers observed that longer time from peak viral load to viral RNA clearance during acute COVID-19 was associated with an increased risk of developing long COVID. 9/
2-Slower clearance rates were associated with greater number of symptoms of longCOVID.
3-These findings suggest that early viral-host dynamics are mechanistically important in the subsequent development of long COVID. 10/1
----------------------------------------
Carly B Herbert et al. 2024. Relationship between acute SARS-CoV-2 viral clearance with Long COVID Symptoms: a cohort study. MedRxiv 5 July 2024. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.07.04.24309953 https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.04.24309953v1
This article is a preprint and has not been certified by peer review
Abstract
... between October 2021 and February 2022 ...
Results: 172 participants were eligible for analyses, and 59 (34.3%) reported experiencing long COVID. The risk of long COVID with 3-4 symptoms and 5+ symptoms increased by 2.44 times (aRR: 2.44 ....) and 4.97 times (aRR: 4.97 ...) per viral load slope-unit increase, respectively. Participants who developed long COVID had significantly longer times from peak viral load to viral clearance during acute disease than those who never developed long COVID (8.65 ... vs. 10.0 ...). The slope of viral clearance was significantly positively associated with long COVID symptoms of fatigue (aRR: 2.86 ...), brain fog (aRR: 4.94 ...), shortness of breath (aRR: 5.05 ...), and gastrointestinal symptoms (aRR: 5.46 ...).
Discussion: We observed that longer time from peak viral load to viral RNA clearance during acute COVID-19 was associated with an increased risk of developing long COVID. Further, slower clearance rates were associated with greater number of symptoms of long COVID. These findings suggest that early viral-host dynamics are mechanistically important in the subsequent development of long COVID.
...Discussion
...FDA granted an EUA for Paxlovid for the treatment of individuals with mild to moderate COVID-19 at risk of developing severe COVID-19 on December 22, 2021, which occurred in the middle of our study. However, outside of long-term care settings, use of Paxlovid in January and February 2022 was very low in the United States...
Conclusion
We observed that slower rates of viral RNA clearances during acute COVID-19 were associated with an increased risk of developing long COVID. Further, slower clearance rates were associated with a greater number of long COVID symptoms. These findings suggest that early viral-host dynamics are mechanistically important in the subsequent development of long COVID.
13margd
Nick #AirborneCovidExhaustsTCells😷 Anderegg @NickAnderegg | 10:23 PM · Jul 7, 2024 {X}:
DevRel, Coder, Writer, Raconteur. Masked #LongCovid ally... 🇺🇸in🇨🇦, ...
https://threadreaderapp.com/thread/1810137709677105552.html
Read on X: https://x.com/NickAnderegg/status/1810137709677105552
OOHHHH WOW! New preprint on the host immune response in Long Covid was just posted (few hours ago), and it's more significant than the 3-gene signature!
They found reactivation of viral herpes (EBV/CMV/HSV2) and CONFIRMED PERSISTENT SARS-CoV-2 INFECTIONS! Here's a summary...
------------------------------------------
Natalie S. Haddad et al. 2024. MENSA, a Media Enriched with Newly Synthesized Antibodies, to Identify SARS-CoV-2 Persistence and Latent Viral Reactivation in Long-COVID. MedRxiv, 7 July 2024. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.07.05.24310017 https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.05.24310017v1
This article is a preprint and has not been certified by peer review
Abstract
Post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (SARS2) infection (PASC {Long Covid}) is a heterogeneous condition, but the main viral drivers are unknown. Here, we use MENSA, Media Enriched with Newly Synthesized Antibodies, secreted exclusively from circulating human plasmablasts, to provide an immune snapshot that defines the underlying viral triggers. We provide proof-of-concept testing that the MENSA technology can capture the new host immune response to accurately diagnose acute primary and breakthrough infections when known SARS2 virus or proteins are present. It is also positive after vaccination when spike proteins elicit an acute immune response. Applying the same principles for long-COVID patients, MENSA is positive for SARS2 in 40% of PASC vs none of the COVID recovered (CR) patients without any sequelae demonstrating ongoing SARS2 viral inflammation only in PASC. Additionally, in PASC patients, MENSAs are also positive for Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) in 37%, Human Cytomegalovirus (CMV) in 23%, and herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV2) in 15% compared to 17%, 4%, and 4% in CR controls respectively. Combined, a total of 60% of PASC patients have a positive MENSA for SARS2, EBV, CMV, and/or HSV2. MENSA offers a unique antibody snapshot to reveal the underlying viral drivers in long-COVID thus demonstrating the persistence of SARS2 and reactivation of viral herpes in 60% of PASC patients.
DevRel, Coder, Writer, Raconteur. Masked #LongCovid ally... 🇺🇸in🇨🇦, ...
https://threadreaderapp.com/thread/1810137709677105552.html
Read on X: https://x.com/NickAnderegg/status/1810137709677105552
OOHHHH WOW! New preprint on the host immune response in Long Covid was just posted (few hours ago), and it's more significant than the 3-gene signature!
They found reactivation of viral herpes (EBV/CMV/HSV2) and CONFIRMED PERSISTENT SARS-CoV-2 INFECTIONS! Here's a summary...
------------------------------------------
Natalie S. Haddad et al. 2024. MENSA, a Media Enriched with Newly Synthesized Antibodies, to Identify SARS-CoV-2 Persistence and Latent Viral Reactivation in Long-COVID. MedRxiv, 7 July 2024. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.07.05.24310017 https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.07.05.24310017v1
This article is a preprint and has not been certified by peer review
Abstract
Post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (SARS2) infection (PASC {Long Covid}) is a heterogeneous condition, but the main viral drivers are unknown. Here, we use MENSA, Media Enriched with Newly Synthesized Antibodies, secreted exclusively from circulating human plasmablasts, to provide an immune snapshot that defines the underlying viral triggers. We provide proof-of-concept testing that the MENSA technology can capture the new host immune response to accurately diagnose acute primary and breakthrough infections when known SARS2 virus or proteins are present. It is also positive after vaccination when spike proteins elicit an acute immune response. Applying the same principles for long-COVID patients, MENSA is positive for SARS2 in 40% of PASC vs none of the COVID recovered (CR) patients without any sequelae demonstrating ongoing SARS2 viral inflammation only in PASC. Additionally, in PASC patients, MENSAs are also positive for Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) in 37%, Human Cytomegalovirus (CMV) in 23%, and herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV2) in 15% compared to 17%, 4%, and 4% in CR controls respectively. Combined, a total of 60% of PASC patients have a positive MENSA for SARS2, EBV, CMV, and/or HSV2. MENSA offers a unique antibody snapshot to reveal the underlying viral drivers in long-COVID thus demonstrating the persistence of SARS2 and reactivation of viral herpes in 60% of PASC patients.
14margd
GUESS WHAT?!
Author: Nick #AirborneCovidExhaustsTCells😷 Anderegg
July 07, 2024
GUESS WHAT?! A new study has shown SARS-CoV-2 infection is DISTINCT from common respiratory viruses!
Unequivocally, COVID is NOT "just a cold."
These findings are HUGELY significant, for multiple reasons {could help develop effective interventions and therapies against the current and future pandemics from the host perspective}! Here's a breakdown of the study (written for a general audience)...
1/16
https://readwise.io/reader/shared/01j276a5a0yt7mchddb9kjtrss/
-----------------------------------------
Yang Li et al. 2024. . A T-Cell-Derived 3-Gene Signature Distinguishes SARS-CoV-2 from Common Respiratory Viruses. Viruses 26 June, 2024, 16(7), 1029; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16071029 https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/16/7/1029
Abstract
...We collected 3730 blood samples from both asymptomatic and symptomatic individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2, seasonal human coronavirus (sHCoVs), influenza virus (IFV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), or human rhinovirus (HRV) across 15 cohorts. First, we identified an enhanced cellular immune response but limited interferon activities in SARS-CoV-2 infection, especially in asymptomatic cases. Second, we identified a SARS-CoV-2-specific 3-gene signature (CLSPN, RBBP6, CCDC91) that was predominantly expressed by T cells, could distinguish SARS-CoV-2 infection, including Omicron, from other common respiratory viruses regardless of symptoms, and was predictive of SARS-CoV-2 infection before detectable viral RNA on RT-PCR testing in a longitude follow-up study. Thereafter, a user-friendly online tool, based on datasets collected here, was developed for querying a gene of interest across multiple viral infections. Our results not only identify a unique host response to the viral pathogenesis in SARS-CoV-2 but also provide insights into developing effective tools against viral pandemics from the host perspective.
Author: Nick #AirborneCovidExhaustsTCells😷 Anderegg
July 07, 2024
GUESS WHAT?! A new study has shown SARS-CoV-2 infection is DISTINCT from common respiratory viruses!
Unequivocally, COVID is NOT "just a cold."
These findings are HUGELY significant, for multiple reasons {could help develop effective interventions and therapies against the current and future pandemics from the host perspective}! Here's a breakdown of the study (written for a general audience)...
1/16
https://readwise.io/reader/shared/01j276a5a0yt7mchddb9kjtrss/
-----------------------------------------
Yang Li et al. 2024. . A T-Cell-Derived 3-Gene Signature Distinguishes SARS-CoV-2 from Common Respiratory Viruses. Viruses 26 June, 2024, 16(7), 1029; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16071029 https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/16/7/1029
Abstract
...We collected 3730 blood samples from both asymptomatic and symptomatic individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2, seasonal human coronavirus (sHCoVs), influenza virus (IFV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), or human rhinovirus (HRV) across 15 cohorts. First, we identified an enhanced cellular immune response but limited interferon activities in SARS-CoV-2 infection, especially in asymptomatic cases. Second, we identified a SARS-CoV-2-specific 3-gene signature (CLSPN, RBBP6, CCDC91) that was predominantly expressed by T cells, could distinguish SARS-CoV-2 infection, including Omicron, from other common respiratory viruses regardless of symptoms, and was predictive of SARS-CoV-2 infection before detectable viral RNA on RT-PCR testing in a longitude follow-up study. Thereafter, a user-friendly online tool, based on datasets collected here, was developed for querying a gene of interest across multiple viral infections. Our results not only identify a unique host response to the viral pathogenesis in SARS-CoV-2 but also provide insights into developing effective tools against viral pandemics from the host perspective.
15margd
Yu-Hui Liu et al. 2024. Tracking cognitive trajectories in older survivors of COVID-19 up to 2.5 years post-infection. Nature Aging (10 July 2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s43587-024-00667-3
Abstract
...Here we investigated cognitive changes over a period of 2.5 years among 1,245 individuals aged 60 years or older who survived infection with the original SARS-CoV-2 strain in Wuhan, China, and 358 uninfected spouses. We show that the overall incidence of cognitive impairment among older COVID-19 survivors was 19.1% at 2.5 years after infection and hospitalization, evaluated using the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status-40. Cognitive decline primarily manifested in individuals with severe COVID-19 during the initial year of infection, after which the rate of decline decelerated. Severe COVID-19, cognitive impairment at 6 months and hypertension were associated with long-term cognitive decline. These findings reveal the long-term cognitive trajectory of the disease and underscore the importance of post-infection cognitive care for COVID-19 survivors.
Bar Graph - Dementia, MCI (Mild Cognitive Impairment), Normal (https://x.com/EricTopol/status/1811040884038959213/photo/1)
Abstract
...Here we investigated cognitive changes over a period of 2.5 years among 1,245 individuals aged 60 years or older who survived infection with the original SARS-CoV-2 strain in Wuhan, China, and 358 uninfected spouses. We show that the overall incidence of cognitive impairment among older COVID-19 survivors was 19.1% at 2.5 years after infection and hospitalization, evaluated using the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status-40. Cognitive decline primarily manifested in individuals with severe COVID-19 during the initial year of infection, after which the rate of decline decelerated. Severe COVID-19, cognitive impairment at 6 months and hypertension were associated with long-term cognitive decline. These findings reveal the long-term cognitive trajectory of the disease and underscore the importance of post-infection cognitive care for COVID-19 survivors.
Bar Graph - Dementia, MCI (Mild Cognitive Impairment), Normal (https://x.com/EricTopol/status/1811040884038959213/photo/1)
16margd
60% fewer COVID infections in Swiss hospitals when all healthcare workers wore masks.
Tamara Dörr et al. 2024. Association of institutional masking policies with healthcare-associated SARS-CoV-2 infections in Swiss acute care hospitals during the BA.4/5 wave (CH-SUR study): a retrospective observational study. Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control volume 13, Article number: 64 (18 June 2024). https://aricjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13756-024-01422-4#Sec1 Open access.
Abstract
...Results
We included 2’980 SARS-CoV-2 infections from 13 institutions, 444 (15%) were classified as healthcare-associated. Between June 20 and June 30, 2022, six (46%) institutions switched to a more stringent mask policy. The percentage of healthcare-associated infections subsequently declined in institutions with policy switch but not in the others. In particular, the switch from situative masking (standard precautions {policy 1}) to general masking of HCW in contact with patients {policy 2} was followed by a strong reduction of healthcare-associated infections (rate ratio 0.39...). In contrast, when compared across hospitals, the percentage of health-care associated infections was not related to mask policies...
Methods
...Mask policy – the main predictor variable – was classified as
“standard precautions”, defined as wearing masks in contact with infected patients (policy 1);
“mask in contact with patients”, defined as mandatory masking in contact with all patients regardless of diagnoses or symptoms (policy 2);
“mask in contact with all contacts”, defined as mandatory masking in face-to-face contacts with all patients and also colleagues (policy 3) or
“mask at all times”, indicating the policy where mask use was demanded regardless of activity or contact (policy 4).
The term “mask” refers to at least a surgical mask. In most institutions, healthcare professionals could also opt for a respirator mask. If the mask policy changed during the time period considered, date(s) of switch were reported.
Tamara Dörr et al. 2024. Association of institutional masking policies with healthcare-associated SARS-CoV-2 infections in Swiss acute care hospitals during the BA.4/5 wave (CH-SUR study): a retrospective observational study. Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control volume 13, Article number: 64 (18 June 2024). https://aricjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13756-024-01422-4#Sec1 Open access.
Abstract
...Results
We included 2’980 SARS-CoV-2 infections from 13 institutions, 444 (15%) were classified as healthcare-associated. Between June 20 and June 30, 2022, six (46%) institutions switched to a more stringent mask policy. The percentage of healthcare-associated infections subsequently declined in institutions with policy switch but not in the others. In particular, the switch from situative masking (standard precautions {policy 1}) to general masking of HCW in contact with patients {policy 2} was followed by a strong reduction of healthcare-associated infections (rate ratio 0.39...). In contrast, when compared across hospitals, the percentage of health-care associated infections was not related to mask policies...
Methods
...Mask policy – the main predictor variable – was classified as
“standard precautions”, defined as wearing masks in contact with infected patients (policy 1);
“mask in contact with patients”, defined as mandatory masking in contact with all patients regardless of diagnoses or symptoms (policy 2);
“mask in contact with all contacts”, defined as mandatory masking in face-to-face contacts with all patients and also colleagues (policy 3) or
“mask at all times”, indicating the policy where mask use was demanded regardless of activity or contact (policy 4).
The term “mask” refers to at least a surgical mask. In most institutions, healthcare professionals could also opt for a respirator mask. If the mask policy changed during the time period considered, date(s) of switch were reported.
17margd
CoronaHeadsUp @CoronaHeadsUp | 2:17 PM · Jul 14, 2024:
Denmark: 47% increase in SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater in one week
'The national growth rate .. shows an increase in the SARS-CoV-2 concentration corresponding to the category "strong increase". {to medium level}
https://en.ssi.dk/covid-19/national-surveillance-of-sars-cov-2-in-wastewater
Graph Covid in wastewater April 2023-July 2024 (https://x.com/CoronaHeadsUp/status/1812552071477952759/photo/1)
Denmark: 47% increase in SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater in one week
'The national growth rate .. shows an increase in the SARS-CoV-2 concentration corresponding to the category "strong increase". {to medium level}
https://en.ssi.dk/covid-19/national-surveillance-of-sars-cov-2-in-wastewater
Graph Covid in wastewater April 2023-July 2024 (https://x.com/CoronaHeadsUp/status/1812552071477952759/photo/1)
18margd
Study: COVID can trigger changes to the immune system that may underlie persistent symptoms
Mary Van Beusekom, MS | July 18, 2024
... may indicate that survivors' immune systems aren't adequately responding to pathogens and may explain some long-COVID signs and symptoms. Long COVID, they added, is presumably caused by long-term impairment in the function of bone marrow, the main producer of immune cells ...
https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/covid-19/study-covid-can-trigger-changes-immune-syste...
---------------------------------------
Bernhard Kratzer, Pia Gattinger et al. 2024. Differential decline of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody levels, innate and adaptive immune cells, and shift of Th1/inflammatory to Th2 serum cytokine levels long after first COVID-19. Allergy, 14 July 2024. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.16210 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/all.16210 Open Access.
Abstract
...106 non-vaccinated subjects ten weeks (10 w) and ten months (10 m) after their first SARS-CoV-2 infection
...COVID-19 causes long-term reduction of innate and adaptive immune cells which is associated with a Th2 serum cytokine profile. This may provide an immunological mechanism for long-term sequelae after COVID-19.
...4 DISCUSSION
...Our study is rather unique because we were able to perform a follow-up monitoring of immune parameters in ... patients {after a first mostly mild infection with Wuhan-strain Hu-1} who did not have another SARS-CoV-2 infection and who were not vaccinated. Thus, we were able to investigate possible long-term effects of a single SARS-CoV-2 infection on the immune system in humans. When comparing the immune parameters measured 10 w and 10 m after the single infection striking differences were found between the two time points. ... Our findings fit to previous reports,... and may be a reflection of either antigen persistence, that is, shedding of SARS-CoV-2 particles... or the more extensive tissue damage in the more severe cases. ... Alternatively, the activated T cells may have been caused by the almost universally increased IL-4* serum levels, found in most of our patients, and the moderately elevated IL-17A** levels typically seen in severe cases ... and as reported previously...
...In summary, our results provide a possible explanation that certain manifestations of long-COVID-19 may be associated with damage of the cellular immune system by SARS-CoV-2. This hypothesis can now be investigated in appropriate study populations in detail in the future and this may contribute to the understanding of pathomechanisms underlying long-COVID-19.
---------------------------------------
* The interleukin 4 is a cytokine that induces differentiation of naive helper T cells to Tₕ2 cells. Upon activation by IL-4, Tₕ2 cells subsequently produce additional IL-4 in a positive feedback loop. IL-4 is produced primarily by mast cells, Tₕ2 cells, eosinophils and basophils. Wikipedia
** Interleukin-17 (IL-17, also known as IL-17A) is a key cytokine that links T cell activation to neutrophil mobilization and activation. As such, IL-17 can mediate protective innate immunity to pathogens or contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, such as psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis.
Mary Van Beusekom, MS | July 18, 2024
... may indicate that survivors' immune systems aren't adequately responding to pathogens and may explain some long-COVID signs and symptoms. Long COVID, they added, is presumably caused by long-term impairment in the function of bone marrow, the main producer of immune cells ...
https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/covid-19/study-covid-can-trigger-changes-immune-syste...
---------------------------------------
Bernhard Kratzer, Pia Gattinger et al. 2024. Differential decline of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody levels, innate and adaptive immune cells, and shift of Th1/inflammatory to Th2 serum cytokine levels long after first COVID-19. Allergy, 14 July 2024. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.16210 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/all.16210 Open Access.
Abstract
...106 non-vaccinated subjects ten weeks (10 w) and ten months (10 m) after their first SARS-CoV-2 infection
...COVID-19 causes long-term reduction of innate and adaptive immune cells which is associated with a Th2 serum cytokine profile. This may provide an immunological mechanism for long-term sequelae after COVID-19.
...4 DISCUSSION
...Our study is rather unique because we were able to perform a follow-up monitoring of immune parameters in ... patients {after a first mostly mild infection with Wuhan-strain Hu-1} who did not have another SARS-CoV-2 infection and who were not vaccinated. Thus, we were able to investigate possible long-term effects of a single SARS-CoV-2 infection on the immune system in humans. When comparing the immune parameters measured 10 w and 10 m after the single infection striking differences were found between the two time points. ... Our findings fit to previous reports,... and may be a reflection of either antigen persistence, that is, shedding of SARS-CoV-2 particles... or the more extensive tissue damage in the more severe cases. ... Alternatively, the activated T cells may have been caused by the almost universally increased IL-4* serum levels, found in most of our patients, and the moderately elevated IL-17A** levels typically seen in severe cases ... and as reported previously...
...In summary, our results provide a possible explanation that certain manifestations of long-COVID-19 may be associated with damage of the cellular immune system by SARS-CoV-2. This hypothesis can now be investigated in appropriate study populations in detail in the future and this may contribute to the understanding of pathomechanisms underlying long-COVID-19.
---------------------------------------
* The interleukin 4 is a cytokine that induces differentiation of naive helper T cells to Tₕ2 cells. Upon activation by IL-4, Tₕ2 cells subsequently produce additional IL-4 in a positive feedback loop. IL-4 is produced primarily by mast cells, Tₕ2 cells, eosinophils and basophils. Wikipedia
** Interleukin-17 (IL-17, also known as IL-17A) is a key cytokine that links T cell activation to neutrophil mobilization and activation. As such, IL-17 can mediate protective innate immunity to pathogens or contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, such as psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis.
19margd
Risk of long COVID has ebbed during pandemic, mostly thanks to vaccines, new data reveal
Stephanie Soucheray | July 18, 2024
...The highest risk of developing long COVID was seen among patients infected with the original strain of the virus, when no vaccines were available. Those case-patients had a cumulative incidence of long COVID symptoms 1-year post infection of 10.42 per 100 people ... or 10.4%.
Among the unvaccinated, long-COVID prevalence dropped with each subsequent variant, to 9.51 events per 100 people ... in the Delta era and to 7.76 events per 100 people ... in the Omicron era.
Overall, vaccinated VA patients had significantly lower incidences of long COVID. Among vaccinated patients, the cumulative incidence of long COVID symptoms at 1 year was 5.34 events per 100 people ... during the Delta era and 3.50 events per 100 people ... during the Omicron era.
Despite the significant reduction, {Ziyad Al-Aly, MD, senior author of the study, chief of research and development at the VA St. Louis Health Care System and a clinical epidemiologist at Washington University in St. Louis} warned that 3.5 people developing long COVID out of every 100 infected still poses a significant public health threat as the pandemic wanes. He said the findings are of particular interest during the current summer surge of virus activity, which sees many Americans being reinfected with the virus...
https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/covid-19/risk-long-covid-has-ebbed-during-pandemic-mo...
------------------------------------
Yan Xie et al. 2024. Postacute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in the Pre-Delta, Delta, and Omicron Eras. NEJM July 17, 2024. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2403211
Abstract
...Methods ... 441,583 veterans with SARS-CoV-2 infection between March 1, 2020, and January 31, 2022, and 4,748,504 noninfected contemporaneous controls. We estimated the cumulative incidence of PASC at 1 year after SARS-CoV-2 infection during the pre-delta, delta, and omicron eras of the Covid-19 pandemic.
...Conclusions
The cumulative incidence of PASC during the first year after SARS-CoV-2 infection decreased over the course of the pandemic, but the risk of PASC remained substantial even among vaccinated persons who had SARS-CoV-2 infection in the omicron era.
Stephanie Soucheray | July 18, 2024
...The highest risk of developing long COVID was seen among patients infected with the original strain of the virus, when no vaccines were available. Those case-patients had a cumulative incidence of long COVID symptoms 1-year post infection of 10.42 per 100 people ... or 10.4%.
Among the unvaccinated, long-COVID prevalence dropped with each subsequent variant, to 9.51 events per 100 people ... in the Delta era and to 7.76 events per 100 people ... in the Omicron era.
Overall, vaccinated VA patients had significantly lower incidences of long COVID. Among vaccinated patients, the cumulative incidence of long COVID symptoms at 1 year was 5.34 events per 100 people ... during the Delta era and 3.50 events per 100 people ... during the Omicron era.
Despite the significant reduction, {Ziyad Al-Aly, MD, senior author of the study, chief of research and development at the VA St. Louis Health Care System and a clinical epidemiologist at Washington University in St. Louis} warned that 3.5 people developing long COVID out of every 100 infected still poses a significant public health threat as the pandemic wanes. He said the findings are of particular interest during the current summer surge of virus activity, which sees many Americans being reinfected with the virus...
https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/covid-19/risk-long-covid-has-ebbed-during-pandemic-mo...
------------------------------------
Yan Xie et al. 2024. Postacute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in the Pre-Delta, Delta, and Omicron Eras. NEJM July 17, 2024. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2403211
Abstract
...Methods ... 441,583 veterans with SARS-CoV-2 infection between March 1, 2020, and January 31, 2022, and 4,748,504 noninfected contemporaneous controls. We estimated the cumulative incidence of PASC at 1 year after SARS-CoV-2 infection during the pre-delta, delta, and omicron eras of the Covid-19 pandemic.
...Conclusions
The cumulative incidence of PASC during the first year after SARS-CoV-2 infection decreased over the course of the pandemic, but the risk of PASC remained substantial even among vaccinated persons who had SARS-CoV-2 infection in the omicron era.
20margd
US COVID-19 activity continues to rise steadily
Lisa Schnirring | 19 July 2024
The latest COVID indicators from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) today showed more rises, with wastewater detections trending upward in all regions of the country, especially the West and South.
...KP.3 and its relative, KP.3.1.1, together make up more than 50% of variant sequences.
...all regions of the country are in the high category, except for the Midwest, which is at the medium level.
Hospitalizations for COVID are increasing, especially in people ages 65 and older... Deaths from COVID showed no change from the previous week.
https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/covid-19/us-covid-19-activity-continues-rise-steadily
Lisa Schnirring | 19 July 2024
The latest COVID indicators from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) today showed more rises, with wastewater detections trending upward in all regions of the country, especially the West and South.
...KP.3 and its relative, KP.3.1.1, together make up more than 50% of variant sequences.
...all regions of the country are in the high category, except for the Midwest, which is at the medium level.
Hospitalizations for COVID are increasing, especially in people ages 65 and older... Deaths from COVID showed no change from the previous week.
https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/covid-19/us-covid-19-activity-continues-rise-steadily
21margd
Seung-Won Jung et al. 2024. Long-term risk of autoimmune diseases after mRNA-based SARS-CoV2 vaccination in a Korean, nationwide, population-based cohort study. Nature Communications volume 15, Article number: 6181 (23 July 2024). https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-50656-8 (Open access)
Abstract
...We report that the risk of developing most AI-CTDs {autoimmune connective tissue diseases} did not increase following mRNA vaccination, except for systemic lupus erythematosus with a 1.16-fold risk in vaccinated individuals relative to controls. ... However, a booster vaccination was associated with an increased risk of some AI-CTDs including alopecia areata, psoriasis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Overall, we conclude that mRNA-based vaccinations are not associated with an increased risk of most AI-CTDs, although further research is needed regarding its potential association with certain conditions.
Discussion
...In conclusion, our study results suggest that mRNA vaccination is generally not associated with a higher risk of most AI-CTDs. However, given that the risk of SLE {systemic lupus erythematosus} and BP {bullous pemphigoid, autoimmune disease of skin and connective tissue characterized by large blisters} was increased in certain demographic conditions such as age and sex, long-term monitoring is necessary after mRNA vaccination for the development of AI-CTDs. Our results can provide clinical insights into mRNA therapeutics, and further research is needed regarding the association between mRNA-based vaccines and AI-CTDs
Abstract
...We report that the risk of developing most AI-CTDs {autoimmune connective tissue diseases} did not increase following mRNA vaccination, except for systemic lupus erythematosus with a 1.16-fold risk in vaccinated individuals relative to controls. ... However, a booster vaccination was associated with an increased risk of some AI-CTDs including alopecia areata, psoriasis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Overall, we conclude that mRNA-based vaccinations are not associated with an increased risk of most AI-CTDs, although further research is needed regarding its potential association with certain conditions.
Discussion
...In conclusion, our study results suggest that mRNA vaccination is generally not associated with a higher risk of most AI-CTDs. However, given that the risk of SLE {systemic lupus erythematosus} and BP {bullous pemphigoid, autoimmune disease of skin and connective tissue characterized by large blisters} was increased in certain demographic conditions such as age and sex, long-term monitoring is necessary after mRNA vaccination for the development of AI-CTDs. Our results can provide clinical insights into mRNA therapeutics, and further research is needed regarding the association between mRNA-based vaccines and AI-CTDs
22margd
Five Aussie water polo players infected before Games
Murray Wenzel | July 24 2024
...Australian chef de mission Anna Meares confirmed the spread to nearly half of the 13-woman squad on Wednesday, a day after two players had initially tested positive to the virus....
"There is training again this afternoon and if those five athletes are feeling well enough to train they will." She said they would wear masks, isolate and not visit high-volume areas of the village.
...The French government and the World Health Organisation (WHO) have said there was only a moderate increase in COVID cases in the country...
https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/8706932/five-aussie-water-polo-players-in...
Murray Wenzel | July 24 2024
...Australian chef de mission Anna Meares confirmed the spread to nearly half of the 13-woman squad on Wednesday, a day after two players had initially tested positive to the virus....
"There is training again this afternoon and if those five athletes are feeling well enough to train they will." She said they would wear masks, isolate and not visit high-volume areas of the village.
...The French government and the World Health Organisation (WHO) have said there was only a moderate increase in COVID cases in the country...
https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/8706932/five-aussie-water-polo-players-in...
23margd
The COVID Olympics...
Jerome Adams @JeromeAdamsMD | 4:05 PM · Jul 29, 2024
Purdue Health Equity Director. Former IN Health Director and 20th US Surgeon General
Missed gold by 0.02 seconds. And then tested positive for Covid. 🤦🏽♂️
If 2021 was the pandemic Olympics, THIS is the Covid #Olympics…
(Also, I realize the Olympics are supposed to be about feel good stories, but I can’t figure out why no health reporters are covering this)
Quote
BBC Breakfast @BBCBreakfast · 18h
Swimmer Adam Peaty has tested positive for Covid.
Team GB said he started feeling unwell ahead of last night’s men’s 100m breaststroke final but in the hours after winning a silver medal his symptoms became worse.
https://bbc.co.uk/sport/olympics/live/cn07137gy42t
------------------------------------
jas friedman @FriedmanJas | 4:14 PM · Jul 29, 2024:
Lots of illness {at Olympics}:
Australian water polo athletes tested positive before the start
Then triathlon training cancelled
"Jade Carey battled through illness" in gymnastics
Jannik Sinner - illness
USA basketball team - illness
Jerome Adams @JeromeAdamsMD | 4:05 PM · Jul 29, 2024
Purdue Health Equity Director. Former IN Health Director and 20th US Surgeon General
Missed gold by 0.02 seconds. And then tested positive for Covid. 🤦🏽♂️
If 2021 was the pandemic Olympics, THIS is the Covid #Olympics…
(Also, I realize the Olympics are supposed to be about feel good stories, but I can’t figure out why no health reporters are covering this)
Quote
BBC Breakfast @BBCBreakfast · 18h
Swimmer Adam Peaty has tested positive for Covid.
Team GB said he started feeling unwell ahead of last night’s men’s 100m breaststroke final but in the hours after winning a silver medal his symptoms became worse.
https://bbc.co.uk/sport/olympics/live/cn07137gy42t
------------------------------------
jas friedman @FriedmanJas | 4:14 PM · Jul 29, 2024:
Lots of illness {at Olympics}:
Australian water polo athletes tested positive before the start
Then triathlon training cancelled
"Jade Carey battled through illness" in gymnastics
Jannik Sinner - illness
USA basketball team - illness
24margd
Emmanuel @ejustin46 | 12:00 AM · Jul 31, 2024
https://threadreaderapp.com/thread/1818497032790720963.html
BAD NEWS 🥵
➡️ SARS-CoV-2 infection DAMAGES CELLS
➡️ DAMAGED CELLS RELEASE CELL-FREE DNA (cfDNA)
➡️ HIGH LEVELS of cfDNA have severe HARMFUL EFFECTS, as inflammation, organ damage, blood clot formation, immune dysregulation...
---------------------------------
Akihiko Tanaka et al.2024. Increased levels of circulating cell-free DNA in COVID-19 patients with respiratory failure. NATURE Scientific Reports volume 14, Article number: 17399 (29 July 2024). https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-68433-4 Open access
ABSTRACT
...results suggest that both serum cf-nDNA {cell-free nuclear DNA} and cf-mtDNA {cell-free mitochondrial DNA} could serve as useful early biomarkers to indicate the necessity of OT {oxygen therapy} or MV mechanical ventilation} in patients with COVID-19.
...Results
...April 2020 to April 2021...
https://threadreaderapp.com/thread/1818497032790720963.html
BAD NEWS 🥵
➡️ SARS-CoV-2 infection DAMAGES CELLS
➡️ DAMAGED CELLS RELEASE CELL-FREE DNA (cfDNA)
➡️ HIGH LEVELS of cfDNA have severe HARMFUL EFFECTS, as inflammation, organ damage, blood clot formation, immune dysregulation...
---------------------------------
Akihiko Tanaka et al.2024. Increased levels of circulating cell-free DNA in COVID-19 patients with respiratory failure. NATURE Scientific Reports volume 14, Article number: 17399 (29 July 2024). https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-68433-4 Open access
ABSTRACT
...results suggest that both serum cf-nDNA {cell-free nuclear DNA} and cf-mtDNA {cell-free mitochondrial DNA} could serve as useful early biomarkers to indicate the necessity of OT {oxygen therapy} or MV mechanical ventilation} in patients with COVID-19.
...Results
...April 2020 to April 2021...
25margd
The Indomitable Covid Virus
How to respond without denialism or complacency
Eric Topol | Aug 03, 2024
...It’s a major wave now, with an estimated new 900,000 infections per day ... The slope of rise of SARS-CoV-2 levels is still steep, so we haven’t yet reached the plateau. It’s already towered beyond 4 prior waves of the US pandemic.
...Fortunately, the rise in levels of the virus, still going up in all 4 major US regions ... has not been linked with as much severe Covid (absolute increase) as was seen in prior waves, but compared to last week there was a relative increase of 25% of deaths and 12% increase in emergency room visits due to Covid. No matter how you look at it, this is not a benign wave, folks.
...Moreover, besides people getting sick from Covid, typically now from a recurrent bout (often 3rd or more), there will be more people developing Long Covid...—less new cases of Long Covid but still a risk, especially in unvaccinated individuals.
...It doesn’t take a genius to see we have 2 major waves each year and, for high-risk individuals, semiannual (every 6 months) shots will be needed for protection. And those shots have to be aligned with the strain of the virus.
...The new KP.2 boosters will not be ready until the first week of September. It isn’t clear about the timing of availability for the JN.1 shots from Novavax which the company announced at the June FDA meeting would be ready in August. Most likely all 3 will be rolled out the first week of September. The match up of KP.2 (vs KP.3.1.1) than JN.1, but some people prefer Novavax with its less acute phase side effects.
That’s still more than month away. The XBB.1.5 (old) booster is available and it will increase protection, so if you’re worried about making a trip or being exposed, it’s a reasonable strategy to get it. While suboptimal, the added level of protection afforded from that booster is useful.
Of course, it’s never just about vaccines. We are all cognizant of the various mitigation factors that help protection (if only we used them)...
Longer Term Strategy
Nasal Vaccines
More Durable, Universal (Pancoronavirus) Covid Vaccines
Treatments for Long Covid
https://erictopol.substack.com/p/the-indomitable-covid-virus
How to respond without denialism or complacency
Eric Topol | Aug 03, 2024
...It’s a major wave now, with an estimated new 900,000 infections per day ... The slope of rise of SARS-CoV-2 levels is still steep, so we haven’t yet reached the plateau. It’s already towered beyond 4 prior waves of the US pandemic.
...Fortunately, the rise in levels of the virus, still going up in all 4 major US regions ... has not been linked with as much severe Covid (absolute increase) as was seen in prior waves, but compared to last week there was a relative increase of 25% of deaths and 12% increase in emergency room visits due to Covid. No matter how you look at it, this is not a benign wave, folks.
...Moreover, besides people getting sick from Covid, typically now from a recurrent bout (often 3rd or more), there will be more people developing Long Covid...—less new cases of Long Covid but still a risk, especially in unvaccinated individuals.
...It doesn’t take a genius to see we have 2 major waves each year and, for high-risk individuals, semiannual (every 6 months) shots will be needed for protection. And those shots have to be aligned with the strain of the virus.
...The new KP.2 boosters will not be ready until the first week of September. It isn’t clear about the timing of availability for the JN.1 shots from Novavax which the company announced at the June FDA meeting would be ready in August. Most likely all 3 will be rolled out the first week of September. The match up of KP.2 (vs KP.3.1.1) than JN.1, but some people prefer Novavax with its less acute phase side effects.
That’s still more than month away. The XBB.1.5 (old) booster is available and it will increase protection, so if you’re worried about making a trip or being exposed, it’s a reasonable strategy to get it. While suboptimal, the added level of protection afforded from that booster is useful.
Of course, it’s never just about vaccines. We are all cognizant of the various mitigation factors that help protection (if only we used them)...
Longer Term Strategy
Nasal Vaccines
More Durable, Universal (Pancoronavirus) Covid Vaccines
Treatments for Long Covid
https://erictopol.substack.com/p/the-indomitable-covid-virus
26margd
Rachael A. Clark 2024. Enough already: T cell inflammation and SARS-CoV-2 virus persist in Long Covid. Science Immunology, 2 Aug 2024, Vol 9, Issue 98. DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adr9661 https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciimmunol.adr9661
It is estimated that 6% of American adults currently suffer from persistent symptoms that can linger for weeks to years after COVID-19 infection. Some studies suggest that viral persistence and immune dysregulation may be to blame. Peluso and co-authors carried out whole-body positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of 24 patients 27 to 910 days after COVID-19 infection using a radioactive tracer that specifically identifies activated CD8 and CD4 lymphocytes. Imaging identified persistent T cell activation in patients after COVID compared with prepandemic controls. Post-COVID inflammation was detected in many tissues, including the brainstem, spinal cord, bone marrow, lymphoid tissues, heart, lungs, and gut. Inflammation was even observed in patients who did not have persistent COVID symptoms. Patients with symptomatic Long Covid tended to have persistent inflammation in the spinal cord and intestinal wall; uptake in the lower lungs was only observed in patients with persistent pulmonary symptoms. Five individuals with Long Covid consented to biopsies of the rectum or sigmoid colon 158 to 676 days after COVID infection. Viral spike protein–encoding single-stranded RNA was detected in multiple biopsies from four of five patients, and biopsies from three patients had viral double-stranded RNA, suggesting ongoing productive viral infection. The results suggest that tissue-based inflammation and viral persistence contribute to Long Covid symptoms and that even clinically mild COVID infection can cause lingering inflammation in peripheral tissues. Additional studies are needed to determine where and how the virus persists in peripheral tissues and identify why dysfunctional T cells cause inflammation but fail to clear the infection...
--------------------------------------------
M. J. Peluso et al. 2024. Tissue-based T cell activation and viral RNA persist for up to 2 years after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Sci. Transl. Med. 16, eadk3295 (2024). Science Translational Medicine, 3 Jul 2024, Vol 16, Issue 754. DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adk3295 https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/scitranslmed.adk3295
It is estimated that 6% of American adults currently suffer from persistent symptoms that can linger for weeks to years after COVID-19 infection. Some studies suggest that viral persistence and immune dysregulation may be to blame. Peluso and co-authors carried out whole-body positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of 24 patients 27 to 910 days after COVID-19 infection using a radioactive tracer that specifically identifies activated CD8 and CD4 lymphocytes. Imaging identified persistent T cell activation in patients after COVID compared with prepandemic controls. Post-COVID inflammation was detected in many tissues, including the brainstem, spinal cord, bone marrow, lymphoid tissues, heart, lungs, and gut. Inflammation was even observed in patients who did not have persistent COVID symptoms. Patients with symptomatic Long Covid tended to have persistent inflammation in the spinal cord and intestinal wall; uptake in the lower lungs was only observed in patients with persistent pulmonary symptoms. Five individuals with Long Covid consented to biopsies of the rectum or sigmoid colon 158 to 676 days after COVID infection. Viral spike protein–encoding single-stranded RNA was detected in multiple biopsies from four of five patients, and biopsies from three patients had viral double-stranded RNA, suggesting ongoing productive viral infection. The results suggest that tissue-based inflammation and viral persistence contribute to Long Covid symptoms and that even clinically mild COVID infection can cause lingering inflammation in peripheral tissues. Additional studies are needed to determine where and how the virus persists in peripheral tissues and identify why dysfunctional T cells cause inflammation but fail to clear the infection...
--------------------------------------------
M. J. Peluso et al. 2024. Tissue-based T cell activation and viral RNA persist for up to 2 years after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Sci. Transl. Med. 16, eadk3295 (2024). Science Translational Medicine, 3 Jul 2024, Vol 16, Issue 754. DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adk3295 https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/scitranslmed.adk3295
27margd
Antibodies From Long COVID Patients Provide Clues to Autoimmunity Hypothesis
ISABELLA BACKMAN | August 5, 2024
...in a recent study, when researchers gave healthy mice antibodies from patients with Long COVID, some of the animals began showing Long COVID symptoms—specifically heightened pain sensitivity and dizziness. It is among the first studies to offer enticing evidence for the autoimmunity hypothesis. The research was led by Akiko Iwasaki, PhD, Sterling Professor of Immunobiology at Yale School of Medicine (YSM)...
https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/antibodies-from-long-covid-patients-provide-cl...
-----------------------------------------
Keyla Santos Guedes de Sá et al. 2024. A causal link between autoantibodies and neurological symptoms in long COVID. MedRxiv 19 June 2024. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.06.18.24309100 https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.18.24309100v1
Summary
Acute SARS-CoV-2 infection triggers the generation of diverse and functional autoantibodies (AABs), even after mild cases. Persistently elevated autoantibodies have been found in some individuals with long COVID (LC). Using a {more than} 21,000 human protein array, we identified diverse AAB targets in LC patients that correlated with their symptoms. Elevated AABs to proteins in the nervous system were found in LC patients with neurocognitive and neurological symptoms. Purified Immunoglobulin G (IgG) samples from these individuals reacted with human pons tissue and were cross-reactive with mouse sciatic nerves, spinal cord, and meninges. Antibody reactivity to sciatic nerves and meninges correlated with patient-reported headache and disorientation. Passive transfer of IgG from patients to mice led to increased sensitivity and pain, mirroring patient-reported symptoms. Similarly, mice injected with IgG showed loss of balance and coordination, reflecting donor-reported dizziness. Our findings suggest that targeting AABs could benefit some LC patients.
ISABELLA BACKMAN | August 5, 2024
...in a recent study, when researchers gave healthy mice antibodies from patients with Long COVID, some of the animals began showing Long COVID symptoms—specifically heightened pain sensitivity and dizziness. It is among the first studies to offer enticing evidence for the autoimmunity hypothesis. The research was led by Akiko Iwasaki, PhD, Sterling Professor of Immunobiology at Yale School of Medicine (YSM)...
https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/antibodies-from-long-covid-patients-provide-cl...
-----------------------------------------
Keyla Santos Guedes de Sá et al. 2024. A causal link between autoantibodies and neurological symptoms in long COVID. MedRxiv 19 June 2024. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.06.18.24309100 https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.06.18.24309100v1
Summary
Acute SARS-CoV-2 infection triggers the generation of diverse and functional autoantibodies (AABs), even after mild cases. Persistently elevated autoantibodies have been found in some individuals with long COVID (LC). Using a {more than} 21,000 human protein array, we identified diverse AAB targets in LC patients that correlated with their symptoms. Elevated AABs to proteins in the nervous system were found in LC patients with neurocognitive and neurological symptoms. Purified Immunoglobulin G (IgG) samples from these individuals reacted with human pons tissue and were cross-reactive with mouse sciatic nerves, spinal cord, and meninges. Antibody reactivity to sciatic nerves and meninges correlated with patient-reported headache and disorientation. Passive transfer of IgG from patients to mice led to increased sensitivity and pain, mirroring patient-reported symptoms. Similarly, mice injected with IgG showed loss of balance and coordination, reflecting donor-reported dizziness. Our findings suggest that targeting AABs could benefit some LC patients.
28margd
Ziyad Al-Aly ... Akiko Iwasaki & Eric J. Topol. 2024. Long COVID science, research and policy (Review). Nature Medicine (9 Aug 2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-024-03173-6
Abstract
Long COVID represents the constellation of post-acute and long-term health effects caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection; it is a complex, multisystem disorder that can affect nearly every organ system and can be severely disabling. The cumulative global incidence of long COVID is around 400 million individuals, which is estimated to have an annual economic impact of approximately $1 trillion—equivalent to about 1% of the global economy. Several mechanistic pathways are implicated in long COVID, including viral persistence, immune dysregulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, complement dysregulation, endothelial inflammation and microbiome dysbiosis. Long COVID can have devastating impacts on individual lives and, due to its complexity and prevalence, it also has major ramifications for health systems and economies, even threatening progress toward achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. Addressing the challenge of long COVID requires an ambitious and coordinated—but so far absent—global research and policy response strategy. In this interdisciplinary review, we provide a synthesis of the state of scientific evidence on long COVID, assess the impacts of long COVID on human health, health systems, the economy and global health metrics, and provide a forward-looking research and policy roadmap.
-------------------------------------
Nick #RespiratorsFilterPathogens😷 Anderegg @NickAnderegg | 1:27 PM · Aug 9, 2024 {X}:
#DevRel, Coder, Writer, Raconteur. #LongCovid ally/loudmouth. 🇺🇸in🇨🇦 he;cis;bi. Tweets: research analyses, public health, cognition, linguistics, ADHD, tech
27 tweets https://threadreaderapp.com/thread/1821961449813463434.html
New interdisciplinary review was published on current Long COVID science, with a roadmap for science and policy!
It is written in plain language, so it's worth a read on its own, but I just want to pull out some highlights about what WE DO KNOW into a single thread...
Highlighted abstract (https://x.com/NickAnderegg/status/1821961449813463434/photo/1)
1/many
Abstract
Long COVID represents the constellation of post-acute and long-term health effects caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection; it is a complex, multisystem disorder that can affect nearly every organ system and can be severely disabling. The cumulative global incidence of long COVID is around 400 million individuals, which is estimated to have an annual economic impact of approximately $1 trillion—equivalent to about 1% of the global economy. Several mechanistic pathways are implicated in long COVID, including viral persistence, immune dysregulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, complement dysregulation, endothelial inflammation and microbiome dysbiosis. Long COVID can have devastating impacts on individual lives and, due to its complexity and prevalence, it also has major ramifications for health systems and economies, even threatening progress toward achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. Addressing the challenge of long COVID requires an ambitious and coordinated—but so far absent—global research and policy response strategy. In this interdisciplinary review, we provide a synthesis of the state of scientific evidence on long COVID, assess the impacts of long COVID on human health, health systems, the economy and global health metrics, and provide a forward-looking research and policy roadmap.
-------------------------------------
Nick #RespiratorsFilterPathogens😷 Anderegg @NickAnderegg | 1:27 PM · Aug 9, 2024 {X}:
#DevRel, Coder, Writer, Raconteur. #LongCovid ally/loudmouth. 🇺🇸in🇨🇦 he;cis;bi. Tweets: research analyses, public health, cognition, linguistics, ADHD, tech
27 tweets https://threadreaderapp.com/thread/1821961449813463434.html
New interdisciplinary review was published on current Long COVID science, with a roadmap for science and policy!
It is written in plain language, so it's worth a read on its own, but I just want to pull out some highlights about what WE DO KNOW into a single thread...
Highlighted abstract (https://x.com/NickAnderegg/status/1821961449813463434/photo/1)
1/many
29margd
Severe vascular remodeling of placental arteries in women infected with SARS-CoV-2 during pregnancy
Dec 7, 2023 | Acute COVID-19 & Cardiovascular System
The infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can have serious effects not only on the pulmonary vasculature but also on the vasculature of multiple organs, including the heart and brain. In this study, the authors from Ukraine and the United States examined the remodeling of placental arteries of women who were infected with SARS-CoV-2 during pregnancy and gave birth to live full-term newborns...
https://discovermednews.com/severe-vascular-remodeling-of-placental-arteries-in-...
-----------------------------------------
Gychka SG, Brelidze TI, Kuchyn IL, et al. (2022) Placental vascular remodeling in pregnant women with COVID-19. PLoS ONE 17(7): e0268591. (Open Access) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268591 https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0268591
Abstract
...Results
...This study included 85 women who were infected with SARS-CoV-2 and had symptoms of COVID-19 between 28 and 36 weeks of pregnancy...
...Conclusion
This study demonstrated severe vascular remodeling of placental arteries, including severe thickening of the vessel walls and the occlusion of the vessel lumen, of women infected with SARS-CoV-2 during pregnancy. Although the narrowing of the placental arterial lumen alters the blood flow between the mother and the fetus, the newborns’ health in this study cohort was not significantly affected. The same research group previously reported 20 cases of prenatal fetal death in the group of 414 women infected with SARS-CoV-2 during pregnancy. This corresponds to a rate of almost 5%, significantly higher than the population average. Therefore, the authors emphasized that further studies are needed to determine the effects of placental vascular remodeling on neonatal well-being and development.
Dec 7, 2023 | Acute COVID-19 & Cardiovascular System
The infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can have serious effects not only on the pulmonary vasculature but also on the vasculature of multiple organs, including the heart and brain. In this study, the authors from Ukraine and the United States examined the remodeling of placental arteries of women who were infected with SARS-CoV-2 during pregnancy and gave birth to live full-term newborns...
https://discovermednews.com/severe-vascular-remodeling-of-placental-arteries-in-...
-----------------------------------------
Gychka SG, Brelidze TI, Kuchyn IL, et al. (2022) Placental vascular remodeling in pregnant women with COVID-19. PLoS ONE 17(7): e0268591. (Open Access) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268591 https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0268591
Abstract
...Results
...This study included 85 women who were infected with SARS-CoV-2 and had symptoms of COVID-19 between 28 and 36 weeks of pregnancy...
...Conclusion
This study demonstrated severe vascular remodeling of placental arteries, including severe thickening of the vessel walls and the occlusion of the vessel lumen, of women infected with SARS-CoV-2 during pregnancy. Although the narrowing of the placental arterial lumen alters the blood flow between the mother and the fetus, the newborns’ health in this study cohort was not significantly affected. The same research group previously reported 20 cases of prenatal fetal death in the group of 414 women infected with SARS-CoV-2 during pregnancy. This corresponds to a rate of almost 5%, significantly higher than the population average. Therefore, the authors emphasized that further studies are needed to determine the effects of placental vascular remodeling on neonatal well-being and development.
30margd
Why should we care about a virus with a "99.8% survival rate"?
Written by: Jeff Gilchrist, PhD*
Link to this document: https://tinyurl.com/COVIDrealImpact
Last updated: June 6, 2024
This document highlights the actual impact a virus with a high survival rate can have on the population and why it is all the people who survive that we should be most worried about.
1. Virus can get into and damage almost every part of the body
2. Long term impact or disability even from mild infection (children & adults)
3. Increased risks of cardiovascular, cancer, diabetes and other disease after infection
4. Repeat infections can cause cumulative damage (38% with Long COVID after 3 infections)
5. Healthcare cost increases
6. Healthcare system overwhelmed and understaffed
7. No approved treatments for long-term damage
8. Impact on business from people exiting workforce due to long-term illness
9. Economy impacted by not enough healthy people to work
10. Real world examples of people after COVID
11. 3rd leading cause of death in Canada and Australia despite most people surviving
12. What can we do now?
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Impact on Brain
Risk of Developing Long COVID
Impact on Children
Repeat Infections
Healthcare Costs
Economic Burden
Real people with Long COVID
Impact on Immune System
Leading Cause of Death
What can you do?
Where to learn more ...
* Jeff Gilchrist is PhD Biomedical researcher, data scientist at Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada. Here is a 208-post thread that goes over ongoing COVID concerns: https://threadreaderapp.com/thread/1769075076467441907.html Also at https://x.com/jeffgilchrist/status/1769075076467441907.
Written by: Jeff Gilchrist, PhD*
Link to this document: https://tinyurl.com/COVIDrealImpact
Last updated: June 6, 2024
This document highlights the actual impact a virus with a high survival rate can have on the population and why it is all the people who survive that we should be most worried about.
1. Virus can get into and damage almost every part of the body
2. Long term impact or disability even from mild infection (children & adults)
3. Increased risks of cardiovascular, cancer, diabetes and other disease after infection
4. Repeat infections can cause cumulative damage (38% with Long COVID after 3 infections)
5. Healthcare cost increases
6. Healthcare system overwhelmed and understaffed
7. No approved treatments for long-term damage
8. Impact on business from people exiting workforce due to long-term illness
9. Economy impacted by not enough healthy people to work
10. Real world examples of people after COVID
11. 3rd leading cause of death in Canada and Australia despite most people surviving
12. What can we do now?
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Impact on Brain
Risk of Developing Long COVID
Impact on Children
Repeat Infections
Healthcare Costs
Economic Burden
Real people with Long COVID
Impact on Immune System
Leading Cause of Death
What can you do?
Where to learn more ...
* Jeff Gilchrist is PhD Biomedical researcher, data scientist at Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada. Here is a 208-post thread that goes over ongoing COVID concerns: https://threadreaderapp.com/thread/1769075076467441907.html Also at https://x.com/jeffgilchrist/status/1769075076467441907.
31margd
Kathryn Hoffmann* et al. 2024. A Practical Approach to Tailor the Term Long COVID for Diagnostics, Therapy and Epidemiological Research for Improved Long COVID Patient Care (Commentary). Infectious Diseases and Therapy, 11 August 2024. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40121-024-01025-x . Open access.
Abstract
... We propose refining the term LC into three subgroups:
ongoing symptomatic COVID-19,
SARS-CoV-2 induced or exacerbated diseases and
post-acute COVID condition.
This stratification aids targeted diagnostics, treatment and epidemiological research.
Subgroup-specific documentation using the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) codes ensures accurate tracking and understanding of long-term effects. The subgroup of post-acute COVID condition again includes various symptoms, syndromes and diseases like post-exertional malaise (PEM), dysautonomia or cognitive dysfunctions. In this regard, differentiation, especially considering PEM, is crucial for effective diagnostics and treatment.
* Kathryn Hoffmann. Department of Primary Care Medicine, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15/I, 1090, Vienna, Austria {Long/PostCovid, ME/CFS & postakute Infektionssyndrome. Prävention & Primärversorgung / Prevention & Primary care}
Abstract
... We propose refining the term LC into three subgroups:
ongoing symptomatic COVID-19,
SARS-CoV-2 induced or exacerbated diseases and
post-acute COVID condition.
This stratification aids targeted diagnostics, treatment and epidemiological research.
Subgroup-specific documentation using the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) codes ensures accurate tracking and understanding of long-term effects. The subgroup of post-acute COVID condition again includes various symptoms, syndromes and diseases like post-exertional malaise (PEM), dysautonomia or cognitive dysfunctions. In this regard, differentiation, especially considering PEM, is crucial for effective diagnostics and treatment.
* Kathryn Hoffmann. Department of Primary Care Medicine, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15/I, 1090, Vienna, Austria {Long/PostCovid, ME/CFS & postakute Infektionssyndrome. Prävention & Primärversorgung / Prevention & Primary care}
32margd
Carolyn T Bramante et al. 2023. Outpatient treatment of COVID-19 and incidence of post-COVID-19 condition over 10 months (COVID-OUT): a multicentre, randomised, quadruple-blind, parallel-group, phase 3 trial. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, Volume 23, ISSUE 10, P1119-1129, October 2023. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(23)00299-2 https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(23)00299-2/fullt...
Summary
...Findings...
When metformin was started within 3 days of symptom onset, the HR was 0·37 ... There was no effect on cumulative incidence of long COVID with ivermectin (HR 0·99, ...) or fluvoxamine (1·36...) compared with placebo.
Interpretation
Outpatient treatment with metformin reduced long COVID incidence by about 41%, with an absolute reduction of 4·1%, compared with placebo. Metformin has clinical benefits when used as outpatient treatment for COVID-19 and is globally available, low-cost, and safe.
____________________________
David Fajgenbaum, MD @DavidFajgenbaum | 9:13 PM · Aug 16, 2024 {X}:
Study dosing was 500 mg on day 1, 500 mg twice daily on days 2–5, and 500 mg in the morning and 1000 mg in the evening on days 6–14.
Summary
...Findings...
When metformin was started within 3 days of symptom onset, the HR was 0·37 ... There was no effect on cumulative incidence of long COVID with ivermectin (HR 0·99, ...) or fluvoxamine (1·36...) compared with placebo.
Interpretation
Outpatient treatment with metformin reduced long COVID incidence by about 41%, with an absolute reduction of 4·1%, compared with placebo. Metformin has clinical benefits when used as outpatient treatment for COVID-19 and is globally available, low-cost, and safe.
____________________________
David Fajgenbaum, MD @DavidFajgenbaum | 9:13 PM · Aug 16, 2024 {X}:
Study dosing was 500 mg on day 1, 500 mg twice daily on days 2–5, and 500 mg in the morning and 1000 mg in the evening on days 6–14.
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Vignesh Chidambaram et al. 2024. COVID-19 in the Initiation and Progression of Atherosclerosis: Pathophysiology During and Beyond the Acute Phase (State-of-the-Art Review). JACC: Advances, Volume 3, Issue 8, August 2024, 101107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacadv.2024.101107 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772963X24003016
Highlights
• SARS-CoV-2 infection can markedly influence the initiation and progression of atherosclerotic lesions.
• Endothelial dysfunction, platelet activation, and persistent inflammation are potential drivers of increased atherosclerosis following COVID-19.
• Understanding the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in COVID-19 can provide insights into cardiovascular disease mechanisms in other chronic infections.
• Recognizing the cardiovascular implications of long COVID-19 highlights the importance of proactive risk management and advocates for further research into this topic.
Highlights
• SARS-CoV-2 infection can markedly influence the initiation and progression of atherosclerotic lesions.
• Endothelial dysfunction, platelet activation, and persistent inflammation are potential drivers of increased atherosclerosis following COVID-19.
• Understanding the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in COVID-19 can provide insights into cardiovascular disease mechanisms in other chronic infections.
• Recognizing the cardiovascular implications of long COVID-19 highlights the importance of proactive risk management and advocates for further research into this topic.
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COVID-related loss of smell tied to changes in the brain
Mary Van Beusekom | August 19, 2024
https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/covid-19/covid-related-loss-smell-tied-changes-brain
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Leonie Kausel et al. 2024. Patients recovering from COVID-19 who presented with anosmia during their acute episode have behavioral, functional, and structural brain alterations. Scientific Reports volume 14, Article number: 19049 (17 August 2024). https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-69772-y (Open access)
Abstract
... Here, we report findings from a sample of patients consisting of 73 adults with a mild to moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection without signs of respiratory failure and 27 with infections attributed to other agents and no history of COVID-19. The participants underwent cognitive screening, a decision-making task, and MRI evaluations. We assessed for the presence of anosmia and the requirement for hospitalization. Groups did not differ in age or cognitive performance. Patients who presented with anosmia exhibited more impulsive alternative changes after a shift in probabilities (r = − 0.26...), while patients who required hospitalization showed more perseverative {involuntary repetitive behavior or thought}choices (r = 0.25...). Anosmia correlated with brain measures, including decreased functional activity during the decision-making task, thinning of cortical thickness in parietal regions, and loss of white matter integrity. Hence, anosmia could be a factor to be considered when identifying at-risk populations for follow-up.
Mary Van Beusekom | August 19, 2024
https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/covid-19/covid-related-loss-smell-tied-changes-brain
------------------------------------
Leonie Kausel et al. 2024. Patients recovering from COVID-19 who presented with anosmia during their acute episode have behavioral, functional, and structural brain alterations. Scientific Reports volume 14, Article number: 19049 (17 August 2024). https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-69772-y (Open access)
Abstract
... Here, we report findings from a sample of patients consisting of 73 adults with a mild to moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection without signs of respiratory failure and 27 with infections attributed to other agents and no history of COVID-19. The participants underwent cognitive screening, a decision-making task, and MRI evaluations. We assessed for the presence of anosmia and the requirement for hospitalization. Groups did not differ in age or cognitive performance. Patients who presented with anosmia exhibited more impulsive alternative changes after a shift in probabilities (r = − 0.26...), while patients who required hospitalization showed more perseverative {involuntary repetitive behavior or thought}choices (r = 0.25...). Anosmia correlated with brain measures, including decreased functional activity during the decision-making task, thinning of cortical thickness in parietal regions, and loss of white matter integrity. Hence, anosmia could be a factor to be considered when identifying at-risk populations for follow-up.
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Mike Hoerger, PhD MSCR MBA | @michael_hoerger | 1:54 AM · Aug 19, 2024 {X}:
Director of the top public U.S. #COVID forecasting dashboard (PMC). #HealthPsych PhD Program Director, #CovidCancer scientist, over 100 science publications. {NOLA}
PMC COVID-19 Forecasting Model, August 19, 2024
We're at 1.3 million infections/day in the U.S. This is the highest known transmission during back-to-school season all-time. An estimated 1 in 24 people in the West region are actively infectious.
1 in 38 American (2.6%) are estimated to be actively infectious today, higher in the South and West regions. Nationally, approximately 1.3 million infections/day.
Graph, # infections & 1-mo. projections (https://x.com/michael_hoerger/status/1825411021650973067/photo/1)
Director of the top public U.S. #COVID forecasting dashboard (PMC). #HealthPsych PhD Program Director, #CovidCancer scientist, over 100 science publications. {NOLA}
PMC COVID-19 Forecasting Model, August 19, 2024
We're at 1.3 million infections/day in the U.S. This is the highest known transmission during back-to-school season all-time. An estimated 1 in 24 people in the West region are actively infectious.
1 in 38 American (2.6%) are estimated to be actively infectious today, higher in the South and West regions. Nationally, approximately 1.3 million infections/day.
Graph, # infections & 1-mo. projections (https://x.com/michael_hoerger/status/1825411021650973067/photo/1)
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COVID vaccine efficacy against severe illness just under 50%, per early estimates from 2023
Mary Van Beusekom | August 20, 2024
Two European observational studies estimate the vaccine effectiveness (VE) of the COVID-19 XBB.1.5 vaccine approved in fall 2023 against hospitalization, the first one finding 49% overall VE in adults, and one showing good protection—but uneven uptake—among pregnant women...
https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/covid-19/covid-vaccine-efficacy-against-severe-illnes...
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Liliana Antunes et al. 2024. Early COVID-19 XBB.1.5 Vaccine Effectiveness Against Hospitalisation Among Adults Targeted for Vaccination, VEBIS Hospital Network, Europe, October 2023–January 2024 (SHORT COMMUNICATION). Influenza and other respiratory viruses, 15 August 2024, Volume18, Issue8. https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.13360 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/irv.13360 Open Access
Abstract
... We provide early estimates of the effectiveness of the newly adapted XBB.1.5 COVID-19 vaccines against PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 hospitalisation. Vaccine effectiveness was 49% overall, ranging between 69% at 14–29 days and 40% at 60–105 days post vaccination. The adapted XBB.1.5 COVID-19 vaccines conferred protection against COVID-19 hospitalisation in the first 3.5 months post vaccination, with VE {vacccine effectivenss} greater than 70% in older adults (65 years and older) up to 1 month post vaccination.
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Gloria Ihenet et al. 2024. Uptake of COVID-19 vaccines and association with hospitalisation due to COVID-19 in pregnancy: Retrospective cohort study. Vaccine. Available online 13 August 2024.
In Press, Corrected Proof. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.126214 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X2400896X?via%3Dihub
Abstract
...Results
Our study included 47,046 pregnancies among 39,213 women. In 26,724 (57%) pregnancies, women had at least one dose of vaccine by the end of pregnancy. Uptake was lowest in pregnant women aged 18–24 (33%; reference group), Black women compared with White (37%; OR 0.55, 95% CI: 0.51 to 0.60), and women in more deprived areas (50%; reference group). Women with chronic conditions were more likely to receive the vaccine than women without (Asthma OR 1.21, 95% CI: 1.13 to 1.29). Patterns were similar for the second dose. Women admitted to hospital were much less likely to be vaccinated (22%) than those not admitted (57%, OR 0.22, 95% CI: 0.15 to 0.31).
Conclusions
Women who received the COVID-19 vaccine were less likely to be hospitalised for COVID-19 during pregnancy. COVID-19 vaccine uptake among pregnant women is suboptimal, particularly in younger women, Black women, and women in more deprived areas. Interventions should focus on increasing uptake in these groups to improve health outcomes and reduce health inequalities.
Mary Van Beusekom | August 20, 2024
Two European observational studies estimate the vaccine effectiveness (VE) of the COVID-19 XBB.1.5 vaccine approved in fall 2023 against hospitalization, the first one finding 49% overall VE in adults, and one showing good protection—but uneven uptake—among pregnant women...
https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/covid-19/covid-vaccine-efficacy-against-severe-illnes...
-----------------------------------
Liliana Antunes et al. 2024. Early COVID-19 XBB.1.5 Vaccine Effectiveness Against Hospitalisation Among Adults Targeted for Vaccination, VEBIS Hospital Network, Europe, October 2023–January 2024 (SHORT COMMUNICATION). Influenza and other respiratory viruses, 15 August 2024, Volume18, Issue8. https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.13360 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/irv.13360 Open Access
Abstract
... We provide early estimates of the effectiveness of the newly adapted XBB.1.5 COVID-19 vaccines against PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 hospitalisation. Vaccine effectiveness was 49% overall, ranging between 69% at 14–29 days and 40% at 60–105 days post vaccination. The adapted XBB.1.5 COVID-19 vaccines conferred protection against COVID-19 hospitalisation in the first 3.5 months post vaccination, with VE {vacccine effectivenss} greater than 70% in older adults (65 years and older) up to 1 month post vaccination.
---------------------------------------
Gloria Ihenet et al. 2024. Uptake of COVID-19 vaccines and association with hospitalisation due to COVID-19 in pregnancy: Retrospective cohort study. Vaccine. Available online 13 August 2024.
In Press, Corrected Proof. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.126214 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X2400896X?via%3Dihub
Abstract
...Results
Our study included 47,046 pregnancies among 39,213 women. In 26,724 (57%) pregnancies, women had at least one dose of vaccine by the end of pregnancy. Uptake was lowest in pregnant women aged 18–24 (33%; reference group), Black women compared with White (37%; OR 0.55, 95% CI: 0.51 to 0.60), and women in more deprived areas (50%; reference group). Women with chronic conditions were more likely to receive the vaccine than women without (Asthma OR 1.21, 95% CI: 1.13 to 1.29). Patterns were similar for the second dose. Women admitted to hospital were much less likely to be vaccinated (22%) than those not admitted (57%, OR 0.22, 95% CI: 0.15 to 0.31).
Conclusions
Women who received the COVID-19 vaccine were less likely to be hospitalised for COVID-19 during pregnancy. COVID-19 vaccine uptake among pregnant women is suboptimal, particularly in younger women, Black women, and women in more deprived areas. Interventions should focus on increasing uptake in these groups to improve health outcomes and reduce health inequalities.
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FDA may greenlight updated Covid-19 vaccines as soon as this week, sources say
Meg Tirrell, CNN | August 18, 2024
The US Food and Drug Administration is poised to sign off as soon as this week on updated Covid-19 vaccines targeting more recently circulating strains of the virus ... as the country experiences its largest summer wave in two years.
The agency is expected to greenlight updated mRNA vaccines from Moderna and Pfizer/BioNTech that target a strain of the virus called KP.2, said the sources, who declined to be named because the timing information isn’t public. It was unclear whether the agency simultaneously would authorize Novavax’s updated shot, which targets the JN.1 strain.
...KP.3.1.1 and KP.2 – the strain included in the updated mRNA vaccines – are both offshoots of JN.1, the target of Novavax’s shot, and all are versions of the Omicron variant.
https://www.cnn.com/2024/08/16/health/fda-updated-covid-19-vaccines/index.html
Meg Tirrell, CNN | August 18, 2024
The US Food and Drug Administration is poised to sign off as soon as this week on updated Covid-19 vaccines targeting more recently circulating strains of the virus ... as the country experiences its largest summer wave in two years.
The agency is expected to greenlight updated mRNA vaccines from Moderna and Pfizer/BioNTech that target a strain of the virus called KP.2, said the sources, who declined to be named because the timing information isn’t public. It was unclear whether the agency simultaneously would authorize Novavax’s updated shot, which targets the JN.1 strain.
...KP.3.1.1 and KP.2 – the strain included in the updated mRNA vaccines – are both offshoots of JN.1, the target of Novavax’s shot, and all are versions of the Omicron variant.
https://www.cnn.com/2024/08/16/health/fda-updated-covid-19-vaccines/index.html
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Rachel S. Gross et al. 2024. Characterizing Long COVID in Children and Adolescents.
JAMA. Published online August 21, 2024. doi:10.1001/jama.2024.12747 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2822770
Abstract
... Results ... In models adjusted for sex and race and ethnicity, 14 symptoms in both school-age children and adolescents were more common in those with SARS-CoV-2 infection history compared with those without infection history, with 4 additional symptoms in school-age children only and 3 in adolescents only. These symptoms affected almost every organ system. Combinations of symptoms most associated with infection history were identified to form a PASC {postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection} research index for each age group; these indices correlated with poorer overall health and quality of life. The index emphasizes neurocognitive, pain, and gastrointestinal symptoms in school-age children but change or loss in smell or taste, pain, and fatigue/malaise–related symptoms in adolescents. Clustering analyses identified 4 PASC symptom phenotypes in school-age children and 3 in adolescents.
Conclusions and Relevance. This study developed research indices for characterizing PASC in children and adolescents. Symptom patterns were similar but distinguishable between the 2 groups, highlighting the importance of characterizing PASC separately for these age ranges.
JAMA. Published online August 21, 2024. doi:10.1001/jama.2024.12747 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2822770
Abstract
... Results ... In models adjusted for sex and race and ethnicity, 14 symptoms in both school-age children and adolescents were more common in those with SARS-CoV-2 infection history compared with those without infection history, with 4 additional symptoms in school-age children only and 3 in adolescents only. These symptoms affected almost every organ system. Combinations of symptoms most associated with infection history were identified to form a PASC {postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection} research index for each age group; these indices correlated with poorer overall health and quality of life. The index emphasizes neurocognitive, pain, and gastrointestinal symptoms in school-age children but change or loss in smell or taste, pain, and fatigue/malaise–related symptoms in adolescents. Clustering analyses identified 4 PASC symptom phenotypes in school-age children and 3 in adolescents.
Conclusions and Relevance. This study developed research indices for characterizing PASC in children and adolescents. Symptom patterns were similar but distinguishable between the 2 groups, highlighting the importance of characterizing PASC separately for these age ranges.
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Venexia M. Walker et al. 2024. COVID-19 and Mental Illnesses in Vaccinated and Unvaccinated People. JAMA Psychiatry. Published online August 21, 2024. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.2339 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2822342
Abstract
... This study was conducted in 3 cohorts, 1 before vaccine availability followed during the wild-type/Alpha variant eras (January 2020-June 2021) and 2 (vaccinated and unvaccinated) during the Delta variant era (June-December 2021).
... depression, serious mental illness, general anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, eating disorders, addiction, self-harm, and suicide
... Incidence of most outcomes was elevated during weeks 1 through 4 after COVID-19 diagnosis, compared with before or without COVID-19, in each cohort. Incidence of mental illnesses was lower in the vaccinated cohort compared with the pre–vaccine availability and unvaccinated cohorts: aHRs {adjusted hazard ratios} for depression and serious mental illness during weeks 1 through 4 after COVID-19 were 1.93 ... and 1.49 ... in the pre–vaccine availability cohort and 1.79 ... and 1.45 ... in the unvaccinated cohort compared with 1.16 ... and 0.91 ... in the vaccinated cohort. Elevation in incidence was higher and persisted longer after hospitalization for COVID-19.
... In this study, incidence of mental illnesses was elevated for up to a year following severe COVID-19 in unvaccinated people. These findings suggest that vaccination may mitigate the adverse effects of COVID-19 on mental health.
Abstract
... This study was conducted in 3 cohorts, 1 before vaccine availability followed during the wild-type/Alpha variant eras (January 2020-June 2021) and 2 (vaccinated and unvaccinated) during the Delta variant era (June-December 2021).
... depression, serious mental illness, general anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, eating disorders, addiction, self-harm, and suicide
... Incidence of most outcomes was elevated during weeks 1 through 4 after COVID-19 diagnosis, compared with before or without COVID-19, in each cohort. Incidence of mental illnesses was lower in the vaccinated cohort compared with the pre–vaccine availability and unvaccinated cohorts: aHRs {adjusted hazard ratios} for depression and serious mental illness during weeks 1 through 4 after COVID-19 were 1.93 ... and 1.49 ... in the pre–vaccine availability cohort and 1.79 ... and 1.45 ... in the unvaccinated cohort compared with 1.16 ... and 0.91 ... in the vaccinated cohort. Elevation in incidence was higher and persisted longer after hospitalization for COVID-19.
... In this study, incidence of mental illnesses was elevated for up to a year following severe COVID-19 in unvaccinated people. These findings suggest that vaccination may mitigate the adverse effects of COVID-19 on mental health.
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Long Covid Knocked a Million Americans Off Their Career Paths (1:21 audio, but rest is behind paywall.)
Jennifer Calfas and Paul Overberg | Aug. 26, 2024
Years after infection, even answering email remains arduous for many...
https://www.wsj.com/health/wellness/long-covid-knocked-a-million-americans-off-t...
Jennifer Calfas and Paul Overberg | Aug. 26, 2024
Years after infection, even answering email remains arduous for many...
https://www.wsj.com/health/wellness/long-covid-knocked-a-million-americans-off-t...
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Nhung TH Trinh etal. 2024. Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines to prevent long COVID: data from Norway (Correspondence). The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, Volume 12, ISSUE 5, e33-e34, May 2024. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(24)00082-1 https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanres/article/PIIS2213-2600(24)00082-1/fullt...
Our recent study using data from more than 20 million participants has shown that COVID-19 vaccines consistently prevent long COVID symptoms in adults, with meta-analytic calibrated subdistribution hazard ratio (sHRs) of 0·54 ... in CPRD GOLD, 0·48 ... in CPRD AURUM, 0·71 ... in SIDIAP, and 0·59 in CORIVA.1
In addition, when considering post-COVID thromboembolic and cardiovascular complications as outcomes of interest, recently published data have shown that vaccination with any COVID-19 first vaccine dose (ChAdOx1, BNT162b2, and mRNA-1273) is associated with reduced risk of post-acute heart failure (0·45 ... 0–30 days after SARS-CoV-2 infection; 0·61 ... 91–180 days after SARS-CoV-2 infection), venous thromboembolism (sHR 0·22 ... 0–30 days after SARS-CoV-2 infection; 0·53 ... 91–180 days after SARS-CoV-2 infection), and arterial thrombosis (0·53 ... 0–30 days after SARS-CoV-2 infection; 0·72 ... 91–180 days after SARS-CoV-2 infection)...
Our recent study using data from more than 20 million participants has shown that COVID-19 vaccines consistently prevent long COVID symptoms in adults, with meta-analytic calibrated subdistribution hazard ratio (sHRs) of 0·54 ... in CPRD GOLD, 0·48 ... in CPRD AURUM, 0·71 ... in SIDIAP, and 0·59 in CORIVA.1
In addition, when considering post-COVID thromboembolic and cardiovascular complications as outcomes of interest, recently published data have shown that vaccination with any COVID-19 first vaccine dose (ChAdOx1, BNT162b2, and mRNA-1273) is associated with reduced risk of post-acute heart failure (0·45 ... 0–30 days after SARS-CoV-2 infection; 0·61 ... 91–180 days after SARS-CoV-2 infection), venous thromboembolism (sHR 0·22 ... 0–30 days after SARS-CoV-2 infection; 0·53 ... 91–180 days after SARS-CoV-2 infection), and arterial thrombosis (0·53 ... 0–30 days after SARS-CoV-2 infection; 0·72 ... 91–180 days after SARS-CoV-2 infection)...
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COVID Vax Myocarditis Stays Mild With Good Prognosis Over a Year Later
— Evolution of postvaccine myocarditis tracked for 18 months in cohort study
Nicole Lou | August 26, 2024
... affected patients, mainly healthy young men, may require medical management up to several months after hospital discharge," Semenzato's group maintained in JAMA.
The authors added that their results, based on the French National Health Data System, are consistent with past data associating postvaccine myocarditis with a lower short-term risk of heart failure compared with other types of myocarditis.
"These data do confirm the largely favorable prognosis of patients with post-vaccine myocarditis. The extended follow-up provides additional reassuring evidence that while this is a real entity, very few patients suffer long term clinical consequences from this," commented James de Lemos, MD, cardiologist at UT Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas.
The results support the notion that "vaccine associated myocarditis is fundamentally different, and much lower risk, than COVID myocarditis and non-COVID, non-vaccine myocarditis," he told MedPage Today.
Indeed, although the preponderance of evidence points to a causal relationship between the first mRNA COVID-19 vaccines and myocarditis -- occurring more often in young men and adolescent boys -- postvaccine myocarditis has been rare and fairly mild. Reports show a few days of hospitalization being typical for recovery, and the fear of excess sudden cardiac deaths among affected people has yet to become reality...
https://www.medpagetoday.com/infectiousdisease/covid19vaccine/111674
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Laura Semenzato et al. 2024. Long-Term Prognosis of Patients With Myocarditis Attributed to COVID-19 mRNA Vaccination, SARS-CoV-2 Infection, or Conventional Etiologies (Original Investigation). JAMA. Published online August 26, 2024. doi:10.1001/jama.2024.16380 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2822933
Key points
...Finding. In this nationwide cohort study including 4635 patients hospitalized for myocarditis in France during the first 1.5 years after COVID-19 vaccination, the 558 individuals with postvaccine myocarditis had less severe cardiovascular events than those with myocarditis of other origins at 18 months of follow-up. However, affected patients, mainly healthy young men, may require medical management up to several months after hospital discharge...
— Evolution of postvaccine myocarditis tracked for 18 months in cohort study
Nicole Lou | August 26, 2024
... affected patients, mainly healthy young men, may require medical management up to several months after hospital discharge," Semenzato's group maintained in JAMA.
The authors added that their results, based on the French National Health Data System, are consistent with past data associating postvaccine myocarditis with a lower short-term risk of heart failure compared with other types of myocarditis.
"These data do confirm the largely favorable prognosis of patients with post-vaccine myocarditis. The extended follow-up provides additional reassuring evidence that while this is a real entity, very few patients suffer long term clinical consequences from this," commented James de Lemos, MD, cardiologist at UT Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas.
The results support the notion that "vaccine associated myocarditis is fundamentally different, and much lower risk, than COVID myocarditis and non-COVID, non-vaccine myocarditis," he told MedPage Today.
Indeed, although the preponderance of evidence points to a causal relationship between the first mRNA COVID-19 vaccines and myocarditis -- occurring more often in young men and adolescent boys -- postvaccine myocarditis has been rare and fairly mild. Reports show a few days of hospitalization being typical for recovery, and the fear of excess sudden cardiac deaths among affected people has yet to become reality...
https://www.medpagetoday.com/infectiousdisease/covid19vaccine/111674
-----------------------------------------
Laura Semenzato et al. 2024. Long-Term Prognosis of Patients With Myocarditis Attributed to COVID-19 mRNA Vaccination, SARS-CoV-2 Infection, or Conventional Etiologies (Original Investigation). JAMA. Published online August 26, 2024. doi:10.1001/jama.2024.16380 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2822933
Key points
...Finding. In this nationwide cohort study including 4635 patients hospitalized for myocarditis in France during the first 1.5 years after COVID-19 vaccination, the 558 individuals with postvaccine myocarditis had less severe cardiovascular events than those with myocarditis of other origins at 18 months of follow-up. However, affected patients, mainly healthy young men, may require medical management up to several months after hospital discharge...
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Vaccine shows promise in treating high blood sugar for those with long COVID
Leslie Tate, Tulane University | August 27, 2024
Researchers at Tulane University have discovered a new approach to tackling a lingering health challenge faced by some with long-term COVID: high blood sugar levels.
A new study published in Nature Communications and conducted at the Tulane National Primate Research Center suggests that the COVID-19 vaccine could be used therapeutically to address metabolic complications experienced among those with long-term COVID, sometimes called long-haulers, even if the vaccine is administered several days after infection...
https://medicalxpress.com/news/2024-08-vaccine-high-blood-sugar-covid.html
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Clovis S. Palmer et al 2024. Non-human primate model of long-COVID identifies immune associates of hyperglycemia. Nature Communications volume 15, Article number: 6664 (20 Aug 2024). DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50339-4 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-50339-4
Abstract
... Here, we report a non-human primate model of metabolic post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 using SARS-CoV-2 infected African green monkeys. Using this model, we identify a dysregulated blood chemokine signature during acute COVID-19 that correlates with elevated and persistent hyperglycemia four months post-infection. Hyperglycemia also correlates with liver glycogen levels, but there is no evidence of substantial long-term SARS-CoV-2 replication in the liver and pancreas. Finally, we report a favorable glycemic effect of the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine, administered on day 4 post-infection. Together, these data suggest that the African green monkey model exhibits important similarities to humans and can be utilized to assess therapeutic candidates to combat COVID-related metabolic defects.
Leslie Tate, Tulane University | August 27, 2024
Researchers at Tulane University have discovered a new approach to tackling a lingering health challenge faced by some with long-term COVID: high blood sugar levels.
A new study published in Nature Communications and conducted at the Tulane National Primate Research Center suggests that the COVID-19 vaccine could be used therapeutically to address metabolic complications experienced among those with long-term COVID, sometimes called long-haulers, even if the vaccine is administered several days after infection...
https://medicalxpress.com/news/2024-08-vaccine-high-blood-sugar-covid.html
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Clovis S. Palmer et al 2024. Non-human primate model of long-COVID identifies immune associates of hyperglycemia. Nature Communications volume 15, Article number: 6664 (20 Aug 2024). DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50339-4 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-50339-4
Abstract
... Here, we report a non-human primate model of metabolic post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 using SARS-CoV-2 infected African green monkeys. Using this model, we identify a dysregulated blood chemokine signature during acute COVID-19 that correlates with elevated and persistent hyperglycemia four months post-infection. Hyperglycemia also correlates with liver glycogen levels, but there is no evidence of substantial long-term SARS-CoV-2 replication in the liver and pancreas. Finally, we report a favorable glycemic effect of the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine, administered on day 4 post-infection. Together, these data suggest that the African green monkey model exhibits important similarities to humans and can be utilized to assess therapeutic candidates to combat COVID-related metabolic defects.
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Internal Tremors: Adding to the List of Long COVID Symptoms
Freda Kreier | August 26, 2024
... a subset of people with Long COVID appear to develop “internal tremors”—a twitching or vibrating sensation that is not visible to the naked eye and is not linked to physical spasms
... A total of 37% —158 survey respondents — said they had experienced internal tremors, a suprising number since “it’s not a symptom that seems to be commonly reported,” says Zhou. The sensations ranged from bothersome to intolerable, with “most people just finding it extraordinarily distracting,” says Krumholz. Interestingly, the 158 people with internal tremors had worse health overall, were more financially strained, and were more likely to face uncertain housing than Long COVID patients who didn’t have the tremors.
...The survey found that people with internal tremors were more likely to list nervous system conditions, as well as symptoms such as dizziness and heart rate issues as part of their Long COVID experience. However, what is behind the sensation is still unknown...
https://medicine.yale.edu/news-article/internal-tremors-adding-to-the-list-of-lo...
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Tianna Zhou et al. 2024. Internal tremors and vibrations in long COVID: a cross-sectional study (Clinical Research Study). J of American Medicine. Published: July 26, 2024. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2024.07.008 https://www.amjmed.com/article/S0002-9343(24)00470-4/fulltext
Freda Kreier | August 26, 2024
... a subset of people with Long COVID appear to develop “internal tremors”—a twitching or vibrating sensation that is not visible to the naked eye and is not linked to physical spasms
... A total of 37% —158 survey respondents — said they had experienced internal tremors, a suprising number since “it’s not a symptom that seems to be commonly reported,” says Zhou. The sensations ranged from bothersome to intolerable, with “most people just finding it extraordinarily distracting,” says Krumholz. Interestingly, the 158 people with internal tremors had worse health overall, were more financially strained, and were more likely to face uncertain housing than Long COVID patients who didn’t have the tremors.
...The survey found that people with internal tremors were more likely to list nervous system conditions, as well as symptoms such as dizziness and heart rate issues as part of their Long COVID experience. However, what is behind the sensation is still unknown...
https://medicine.yale.edu/news-article/internal-tremors-adding-to-the-list-of-lo...
--------------------------------------------
Tianna Zhou et al. 2024. Internal tremors and vibrations in long COVID: a cross-sectional study (Clinical Research Study). J of American Medicine. Published: July 26, 2024. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2024.07.008 https://www.amjmed.com/article/S0002-9343(24)00470-4/fulltext
45margd
Finally!!
CDC @CDCgov | 11:04 AM · Aug 28, 2024 {X}:
Breathe easy with cleaner air! Open windows, use air purifiers, and maintain your HVAC systems to help reduce the spread of COVID-19 and other respiratory viruses.
For more tips for cleaner air, visit: https://bit.ly/3YP65UY
Taking Steps for Cleaner Air for Respiratory Virus Prevention
https://www.cdc.gov/respiratory-viruses/prevention/air-quality.html
CDC @CDCgov | 11:04 AM · Aug 28, 2024 {X}:
Breathe easy with cleaner air! Open windows, use air purifiers, and maintain your HVAC systems to help reduce the spread of COVID-19 and other respiratory viruses.
For more tips for cleaner air, visit: https://bit.ly/3YP65UY
Taking Steps for Cleaner Air for Respiratory Virus Prevention
https://www.cdc.gov/respiratory-viruses/prevention/air-quality.html
46margd
Cognitive decline & dementia in older adults diagnosed with COVID-19.
Emmanuel {France} @ejustin46 | 12:06 AM · Aug 12, 2024:
9 tweets • https://threadreaderapp.com/thread/1822847180899578035.html
Read on X: https://x.com/ejustin46/status/1822847180899578035
A systematic review and meta-analysis + mega-thread 🧵
2) This meta-analysis (18 studies, 412,957 patients) found that older adults (aged 65 years & older) diagnosed with COVID-19 are at significant risk of developing cognitive impairment. The overall mean MoCA Montreal Cognitive Assessment, e.g., draw a clock, remember series of words score for COVID patients was 23.34 out of 30, indicating cognitive impairment.
3) 65% of COVID-19 patients were identified as having new-onset cognitive impairment based on MoCA scores.
Importantly, the study found that time since COVID-19 infection impacts cognitive outcomes. Patients assessed within 3 months of infection had lower MoCA scores and ...
4) ... a higher proportion of cognitive impairment compared to those assessed 3 months or more after infection. This suggests some cognitive recovery over time.
The review also examined the link between COVID-19 and dementia.
5) Several studies reported an increased risk of new-onset dementia in COVID-19 patients compared to controls, as well as accelerated cognitive decline in those with pre-existing dementia.
6) Overall, the findings indicate that cognitive impairment is an important sequela of COVID-19, especially in older adults. The authors call for further research to fully understand the long-term cognitive impacts of COVID-19.
Thanks for reading 🙏
7) {related studies} ...
----------------------------------------
A. Shrestha et al. 2024. The risk of cognitive decline and dementia in {65 &} older adults diagnosed with COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis (Review). Ageing Research Reviews. Available online 8 August 2024. In Press, Journal Pre-proof. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2024.102448 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1568163724002666
Emmanuel {France} @ejustin46 | 12:06 AM · Aug 12, 2024:
9 tweets • https://threadreaderapp.com/thread/1822847180899578035.html
Read on X: https://x.com/ejustin46/status/1822847180899578035
A systematic review and meta-analysis + mega-thread 🧵
2) This meta-analysis (18 studies, 412,957 patients) found that older adults (aged 65 years & older) diagnosed with COVID-19 are at significant risk of developing cognitive impairment. The overall mean MoCA Montreal Cognitive Assessment, e.g., draw a clock, remember series of words score for COVID patients was 23.34 out of 30, indicating cognitive impairment.
3) 65% of COVID-19 patients were identified as having new-onset cognitive impairment based on MoCA scores.
Importantly, the study found that time since COVID-19 infection impacts cognitive outcomes. Patients assessed within 3 months of infection had lower MoCA scores and ...
4) ... a higher proportion of cognitive impairment compared to those assessed 3 months or more after infection. This suggests some cognitive recovery over time.
The review also examined the link between COVID-19 and dementia.
5) Several studies reported an increased risk of new-onset dementia in COVID-19 patients compared to controls, as well as accelerated cognitive decline in those with pre-existing dementia.
6) Overall, the findings indicate that cognitive impairment is an important sequela of COVID-19, especially in older adults. The authors call for further research to fully understand the long-term cognitive impacts of COVID-19.
Thanks for reading 🙏
7) {related studies} ...
----------------------------------------
A. Shrestha et al. 2024. The risk of cognitive decline and dementia in {65 &} older adults diagnosed with COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis (Review). Ageing Research Reviews. Available online 8 August 2024. In Press, Journal Pre-proof. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2024.102448 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1568163724002666
47margd
Jae Kyu Ryu et al. 2024. Fibrin drives thromboinflammation and neuropathology in COVID-19. Nature (28 Aug 2024). Open access. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07873-4
Abstract
... Here we show that fibrin binds to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, forming proinflammatory blood clots that drive systemic thromboinflammation and neuropathology in COVID-19 ... fibrin-targeting immunotherapy may represent a therapeutic intervention for patients with acute COVID-19 and long COVID.
Discussion
... fibrin {is} a key driver of inflammation and neuropathology in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Fibrin immunotherapy may represent a strategy for reducing systemic thromboinflammation and neurological manifestations of COVID-19 in both acute and long COVID. Compounded by cumulative risk of memory impairment and cognitive disorders due to breakthrough COVID-19, additional strategies are needed to provide protection against the long-term disease burden... Fibrin immunotherapy may protect from cognitive symptoms associated with COVID-19, as genetic elimination of the fibrin inflammatory epitope protects Alzheimer’s disease mice from synapse loss and cognitive impairment... The fibrin inflammatory epitope is not required for fibrin polymerization or platelet aggregation, and in contrast to anticoagulant therapies, it does not increase bleeding risk... Accordingly, 5B8 {a monoclonal antibody} does not affect normal clotting time in vivo, fibrin polymerization in vitro or activated partial thromboplastin time in human plasma... Thus, fibrin-targeting immunotherapy may represent an approach to selectively suppress COVID-19 pathogenesis in the brain and other organs without adverse effects on normal haemostasis {stop bleeding}. A humanized affinity-matured derivative of 5B8 has entered phase 1 clinical trials in healthy individuals to assess safety and tolerability... Safety trials will need to be completed for the antibody to qualify for entry into phase 2 trials to assess exploratory clinical end points. As fibrinogen plasma levels in acute COVID-19 are a predictive biomarker for cognitive impairment in long-COVID, it could be used to stratify patients as candidates for entry into phase 2 trials. Fibrin immunotherapy can be tested for its potential to reduce adverse health outcomes due to long COVID as part of a multipronged approach with prevention and vaccination measures.
Abstract
... Here we show that fibrin binds to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, forming proinflammatory blood clots that drive systemic thromboinflammation and neuropathology in COVID-19 ... fibrin-targeting immunotherapy may represent a therapeutic intervention for patients with acute COVID-19 and long COVID.
Discussion
... fibrin {is} a key driver of inflammation and neuropathology in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Fibrin immunotherapy may represent a strategy for reducing systemic thromboinflammation and neurological manifestations of COVID-19 in both acute and long COVID. Compounded by cumulative risk of memory impairment and cognitive disorders due to breakthrough COVID-19, additional strategies are needed to provide protection against the long-term disease burden... Fibrin immunotherapy may protect from cognitive symptoms associated with COVID-19, as genetic elimination of the fibrin inflammatory epitope protects Alzheimer’s disease mice from synapse loss and cognitive impairment... The fibrin inflammatory epitope is not required for fibrin polymerization or platelet aggregation, and in contrast to anticoagulant therapies, it does not increase bleeding risk... Accordingly, 5B8 {a monoclonal antibody} does not affect normal clotting time in vivo, fibrin polymerization in vitro or activated partial thromboplastin time in human plasma... Thus, fibrin-targeting immunotherapy may represent an approach to selectively suppress COVID-19 pathogenesis in the brain and other organs without adverse effects on normal haemostasis {stop bleeding}. A humanized affinity-matured derivative of 5B8 has entered phase 1 clinical trials in healthy individuals to assess safety and tolerability... Safety trials will need to be completed for the antibody to qualify for entry into phase 2 trials to assess exploratory clinical end points. As fibrinogen plasma levels in acute COVID-19 are a predictive biomarker for cognitive impairment in long-COVID, it could be used to stratify patients as candidates for entry into phase 2 trials. Fibrin immunotherapy can be tested for its potential to reduce adverse health outcomes due to long COVID as part of a multipronged approach with prevention and vaccination measures.
48margd
COVID triples hearing loss in young adults.
Hye Jun Kim et al. 2024. Incidence of hearing loss following COVID-19 among young adults in South Korea: a nationwide cohort study. eClinicalMedicine Volume 75102759. September 2024. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/eclinm/article/PIIS2589-5370(24)00338-9/fullt... Open access
Abstract
... aged 20–39 years without a history of HL ...participants were followed up from July 1, 2022 until HL {hearing loss}, death, or December 31, 2022.
Findings
...During 40,260,757 person-months (PMs) of follow–up, ... The risk of HL {hearing loss} (incidence: 11.9 versus 3.4/10,000 PMs ... and SSNHL {sudden sensorineural hearing loss} (incidence: 1.8 versus 0.5/10,000 PMs ...) was higher in COVID-19 group as compared to no COVID-19 group ...
Interpretation
Our findings suggest a heightened risk of HL and SSNHL following COVID-19 in young adults. Due to study limitations, including the lack of objective audiological data, issues with generalizability to other populations, and the retrospective design, careful interpretation is necessary. Further studies with objective audiological data and a longer follow-up period are warranted.
Method
...Outcome...
HL was diagnosed when an individual hears sounds only at or above 25 dB (based on the average pure-tone hearing threshold of 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz). The diagnostic criteria for SSNHL involved a rapid progression of the disease within 72 h with a HL of 30 dB or more at three consecutive frequencies in pure-tone audiometry....
Hye Jun Kim et al. 2024. Incidence of hearing loss following COVID-19 among young adults in South Korea: a nationwide cohort study. eClinicalMedicine Volume 75102759. September 2024. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/eclinm/article/PIIS2589-5370(24)00338-9/fullt... Open access
Abstract
... aged 20–39 years without a history of HL ...participants were followed up from July 1, 2022 until HL {hearing loss}, death, or December 31, 2022.
Findings
...During 40,260,757 person-months (PMs) of follow–up, ... The risk of HL {hearing loss} (incidence: 11.9 versus 3.4/10,000 PMs ... and SSNHL {sudden sensorineural hearing loss} (incidence: 1.8 versus 0.5/10,000 PMs ...) was higher in COVID-19 group as compared to no COVID-19 group ...
Interpretation
Our findings suggest a heightened risk of HL and SSNHL following COVID-19 in young adults. Due to study limitations, including the lack of objective audiological data, issues with generalizability to other populations, and the retrospective design, careful interpretation is necessary. Further studies with objective audiological data and a longer follow-up period are warranted.
Method
...Outcome...
HL was diagnosed when an individual hears sounds only at or above 25 dB (based on the average pure-tone hearing threshold of 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz). The diagnostic criteria for SSNHL involved a rapid progression of the disease within 72 h with a HL of 30 dB or more at three consecutive frequencies in pure-tone audiometry....
49margd
What cost children's health in a learning environment -- CO2, wildfire smoke, viruses ...
Henry C. Burridge et al. 2024. Coupled indoor air quality and dynamic thermal modelling to assess the potential impacts of standalone HEPA filter units in classrooms. Indoor Environments, Volume 1, Issue 3, October 2024. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2950362024000316
ABSTRACT
... We consider the addition of HEPA filters with, and without, reduced opening of windows, and explore concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2), particulate matter PM2.5*, airborne viral RNA, classroom temperature and energy use. Results indicate the addition of HEPA filters was predicted to reduce PM2.5 by 40–60 % and viral RNA by 30–50 % depending on the classroom design and window opening behaviour. The energy cost of running HEPA filters is likely to be only 1 %–2 % of the classroom heating costs. In scenarios when HEPA filters were on and window opening was reduced (to account for the additional clean air delivery rate of the filters), the heating cost was predicted to be reduced by as much as − 13 %, and these maximum reductions grew to − 46 % in wintertime simulations. In these scenarios the HEPA filters result in a notable reduction in PM2.5 and viral RNA, but the CO2 concentration is significantly higher. The model provides a mechanism for exploring the relative impact of ventilation and air cleaning strategies on both exposures and energy costs, enabling an understanding of where trade-offs lie.
* https://www.epa.gov/pm-pollution/particulate-matter-pm-basics
Henry C. Burridge et al. 2024. Coupled indoor air quality and dynamic thermal modelling to assess the potential impacts of standalone HEPA filter units in classrooms. Indoor Environments, Volume 1, Issue 3, October 2024. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2950362024000316
ABSTRACT
... We consider the addition of HEPA filters with, and without, reduced opening of windows, and explore concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2), particulate matter PM2.5*, airborne viral RNA, classroom temperature and energy use. Results indicate the addition of HEPA filters was predicted to reduce PM2.5 by 40–60 % and viral RNA by 30–50 % depending on the classroom design and window opening behaviour. The energy cost of running HEPA filters is likely to be only 1 %–2 % of the classroom heating costs. In scenarios when HEPA filters were on and window opening was reduced (to account for the additional clean air delivery rate of the filters), the heating cost was predicted to be reduced by as much as − 13 %, and these maximum reductions grew to − 46 % in wintertime simulations. In these scenarios the HEPA filters result in a notable reduction in PM2.5 and viral RNA, but the CO2 concentration is significantly higher. The model provides a mechanism for exploring the relative impact of ventilation and air cleaning strategies on both exposures and energy costs, enabling an understanding of where trade-offs lie.
* https://www.epa.gov/pm-pollution/particulate-matter-pm-basics
50margd
"Notably, the lower rate of non-cardiovascular mortality was driven by a reduction in infectious deaths (HR 0.71 ...) -- in particular COVID-19-related deaths (HR 0.66 ...)" ...""... in just a short period, semaglutide was adequate to reduce SARS-CoV-2 mortality. This is akin to a vaccine against the indirect effects of a pathogen, except here, we would expect the efficacy to augment over time, rather than wane. Moreover, the benefit could apply to many infections, not just SARS-CoV-2..."
Wegovy Protects Against Deadly COVID Cases
— Non-cardiovascular benefits observed in SELECT trial
Nicole Lou | August 30, 2024
LONDON -- The clinical benefits of semaglutide (Wegovy) went beyond expectations in the SELECT trial, given the reductions in non-cardiovascular and infectious disease deaths observed.
Among people with overweight or obesity and pre-existing cardiovascular disease, the drop in all-cause deaths associated with weekly semaglutide injections versus placebo (4.3% vs 5.2% ...) was broken down to a nonsignificant trend toward less cardiovascular death (2.5% vs 3.0% ...) while non-cardiovascular deaths were significantly reduced (1.7% vs 2.2% ...).
Notably, the lower rate of non-cardiovascular mortality was driven by a reduction in infectious deaths (HR 0.71 ...) -- in particular COVID-19-related deaths (HR 0.66 ...), Benjamin Scirica, MD, MPH, of Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School in Boston, told the audience here at the European Society of Cardiologyopens in a new tab or window annual congress...
"The present study implies that, in just a short period, semaglutide was adequate to reduce SARS-CoV-2 mortality. This is akin to a vaccine against the indirect effects of a pathogen, except here, we would expect the efficacy to augment over time, rather than wane. Moreover, the benefit could apply to many infections, not just SARS-CoV-2," Faust noted in an accompanying editorialopens in a new tab or window.
https://www.medpagetoday.com/meetingcoverage/esc/111720
-------------------------------------
Hazard ratio - In survival analysis, the hazard ratio is the ratio of the hazard rates corresponding to the conditions characterised by two distinct levels of a treatment variable of interest. For example, in a clinical study of a drug, the treated population may die at twice the rate per unit time of the control population. (Wikipedia)
Wegovy Protects Against Deadly COVID Cases
— Non-cardiovascular benefits observed in SELECT trial
Nicole Lou | August 30, 2024
LONDON -- The clinical benefits of semaglutide (Wegovy) went beyond expectations in the SELECT trial, given the reductions in non-cardiovascular and infectious disease deaths observed.
Among people with overweight or obesity and pre-existing cardiovascular disease, the drop in all-cause deaths associated with weekly semaglutide injections versus placebo (4.3% vs 5.2% ...) was broken down to a nonsignificant trend toward less cardiovascular death (2.5% vs 3.0% ...) while non-cardiovascular deaths were significantly reduced (1.7% vs 2.2% ...).
Notably, the lower rate of non-cardiovascular mortality was driven by a reduction in infectious deaths (HR 0.71 ...) -- in particular COVID-19-related deaths (HR 0.66 ...), Benjamin Scirica, MD, MPH, of Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School in Boston, told the audience here at the European Society of Cardiologyopens in a new tab or window annual congress...
"The present study implies that, in just a short period, semaglutide was adequate to reduce SARS-CoV-2 mortality. This is akin to a vaccine against the indirect effects of a pathogen, except here, we would expect the efficacy to augment over time, rather than wane. Moreover, the benefit could apply to many infections, not just SARS-CoV-2," Faust noted in an accompanying editorialopens in a new tab or window.
https://www.medpagetoday.com/meetingcoverage/esc/111720
-------------------------------------
Hazard ratio - In survival analysis, the hazard ratio is the ratio of the hazard rates corresponding to the conditions characterised by two distinct levels of a treatment variable of interest. For example, in a clinical study of a drug, the treated population may die at twice the rate per unit time of the control population. (Wikipedia)
51margd
>50 margd: contd.
Benjamin M. Scirica et al. 2024. The Effect of Semaglutide on Mortality and COVID-19–Related Deaths: An Analysis From the SELECT Trial.
JACC. Aug 30, 2024. Epublished DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2024.08.007 https://www.jacc.org/doi/10.1016/j.jacc.2024.08.007 Open Access.
Abstract
Background
Patients with overweight and obesity are at increased risk of death from multiple causes, including cardiovascular (CV) death, with few therapies proven to reduce the risk.
Objectives
This study sought to assess the effect of semaglutide 2.4 mg on all-cause death, CV death, and non-CV death, including subcategories of death and death from coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19).
Methods
... randomized 17,604 participants 45 years {and older} of age with a body mass index 27 kg/m2 or greater} with established CV disease but without diabetes to once-weekly subcutaneous semaglutide 2.4 mg or placebo; the mean trial duration was 3.3 years.
Results
Of 833 deaths, 485 (58%) were CV deaths, and 348 (42%) were non-CV deaths. Participants assigned to semaglutide vs placebo had lower rates of all-cause death (HR: 0.81 ... ), CV death (HR: 0.85 ...), and non-CV death (HR: 0.77... ). The most common causes of CV death with semaglutide vs placebo were sudden cardiac death (98 vs 109; HR: 0.89 ... ) and undetermined death (77 vs 90; HR: 0.85 ...). Infection was the most common cause of non-CV death and occurred at a lower rate in the semaglutide vs the placebo group (62 vs 87; HR: 0.71 ... ). Semaglutide did not reduce incident COVID-19; however, among participants who developed COVID-19, fewer participants treated with semaglutide had COVID-19–related serious adverse events (232 vs 277...) or died of COVID-19 (43 vs 65; HR: 0.66 ...). High rates of infectious deaths occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic, with less infectious death in the semaglutide arm, and resulted in fewer participants in the placebo group being at risk for CV death.
Conclusions
Compared to placebo, patients treated with semaglutide 2.4 mg had lower rates of all-cause death, driven similarly by CV and non-CV death. The lower rate of non-CV death with semaglutide was predominantly because of fewer infectious deaths. These findings highlight the effect of semaglutide on mortality across a broad population of patients with CV disease and obesity. (Semaglutide Effects on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients With Overweight or Obesity SELECT; NCT03574597)
----------------------------------------------
Editorial Comments:
Jeremy Samuel Faust et al. 2024. Semaglutide, COVID-19 Mortality, and the Power of Harnessing Ongoing Clinical Trials During Unexpected Outbreaks. JACC. Aug 30, 2024 (Editorial Comment: ). Epublished DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2024.08.035 https://www.jacc.org/doi/10.1016/j.jacc.2024.08.035 Open Access
Neha J. Pagidipati 2024. Six substudies from the semaglutide trials: Identifying mechanisms of benefit and whom to treat (Editorial Comment)
JACC. Aug 30, 2024. Epublished DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2024.08.038 https://www.jacc.org/doi/pdf/10.1016/j.jacc.2024.08.038 Paywall
Benjamin M. Scirica et al. 2024. The Effect of Semaglutide on Mortality and COVID-19–Related Deaths: An Analysis From the SELECT Trial.
JACC. Aug 30, 2024. Epublished DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2024.08.007 https://www.jacc.org/doi/10.1016/j.jacc.2024.08.007 Open Access.
Abstract
Background
Patients with overweight and obesity are at increased risk of death from multiple causes, including cardiovascular (CV) death, with few therapies proven to reduce the risk.
Objectives
This study sought to assess the effect of semaglutide 2.4 mg on all-cause death, CV death, and non-CV death, including subcategories of death and death from coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19).
Methods
... randomized 17,604 participants 45 years {and older} of age with a body mass index 27 kg/m2 or greater} with established CV disease but without diabetes to once-weekly subcutaneous semaglutide 2.4 mg or placebo; the mean trial duration was 3.3 years.
Results
Of 833 deaths, 485 (58%) were CV deaths, and 348 (42%) were non-CV deaths. Participants assigned to semaglutide vs placebo had lower rates of all-cause death (HR: 0.81 ... ), CV death (HR: 0.85 ...), and non-CV death (HR: 0.77... ). The most common causes of CV death with semaglutide vs placebo were sudden cardiac death (98 vs 109; HR: 0.89 ... ) and undetermined death (77 vs 90; HR: 0.85 ...). Infection was the most common cause of non-CV death and occurred at a lower rate in the semaglutide vs the placebo group (62 vs 87; HR: 0.71 ... ). Semaglutide did not reduce incident COVID-19; however, among participants who developed COVID-19, fewer participants treated with semaglutide had COVID-19–related serious adverse events (232 vs 277...) or died of COVID-19 (43 vs 65; HR: 0.66 ...). High rates of infectious deaths occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic, with less infectious death in the semaglutide arm, and resulted in fewer participants in the placebo group being at risk for CV death.
Conclusions
Compared to placebo, patients treated with semaglutide 2.4 mg had lower rates of all-cause death, driven similarly by CV and non-CV death. The lower rate of non-CV death with semaglutide was predominantly because of fewer infectious deaths. These findings highlight the effect of semaglutide on mortality across a broad population of patients with CV disease and obesity. (Semaglutide Effects on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients With Overweight or Obesity SELECT; NCT03574597)
----------------------------------------------
Editorial Comments:
Jeremy Samuel Faust et al. 2024. Semaglutide, COVID-19 Mortality, and the Power of Harnessing Ongoing Clinical Trials During Unexpected Outbreaks. JACC. Aug 30, 2024 (Editorial Comment: ). Epublished DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2024.08.035 https://www.jacc.org/doi/10.1016/j.jacc.2024.08.035 Open Access
Neha J. Pagidipati 2024. Six substudies from the semaglutide trials: Identifying mechanisms of benefit and whom to treat (Editorial Comment)
JACC. Aug 30, 2024. Epublished DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2024.08.038 https://www.jacc.org/doi/pdf/10.1016/j.jacc.2024.08.038 Paywall
52margd
U.S. FDA @US_FDA | 2:32 PM · Aug 30, 2024 {X}:
Today, we granted emergency use authorization for an updated Novavax COVID-19 vaccine that more closely targets currently circulating variants to provide better protection against serious consequences of COVID-19, including hospitalization and death.
https://fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-authorizes-updated-novavax-c...
Today, we granted emergency use authorization for an updated Novavax COVID-19 vaccine that more closely targets currently circulating variants to provide better protection against serious consequences of COVID-19, including hospitalization and death.
https://fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-authorizes-updated-novavax-c...
53margd
Yang Jiang et al. 2024. Parallel electrophysiological abnormalities due to COVID-19 infection and to Alzheimer's disease and related dementia (Review). Alzheimer's & Dementia. First published: 29 August 2024. https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.14089 https://alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/alz.14089 Open Access
Abstract
... EEG abnormalities seen in COVID-19 patients resemble those observed in early stages of neurodegenerative diseases, particularly ADRD {Alzheimer's disease and related dementia}. It is proposed that similar EEG abnormalities in Long COVID and ADRD are due to parallel neuroinflammation, astrocyte reactivity, hypoxia, and neurovascular injury. These neurophysiological abnormalities underpinning cognitive decline in COVID-19 can be detected by routine EEG exams. Future research will explore the value of EEG monitoring of COVID-19 patients for predicting long-term outcomes and monitoring efficacy of therapeutic interventions.
Abstract
... EEG abnormalities seen in COVID-19 patients resemble those observed in early stages of neurodegenerative diseases, particularly ADRD {Alzheimer's disease and related dementia}. It is proposed that similar EEG abnormalities in Long COVID and ADRD are due to parallel neuroinflammation, astrocyte reactivity, hypoxia, and neurovascular injury. These neurophysiological abnormalities underpinning cognitive decline in COVID-19 can be detected by routine EEG exams. Future research will explore the value of EEG monitoring of COVID-19 patients for predicting long-term outcomes and monitoring efficacy of therapeutic interventions.
54margd
Harry Spoelstra @HarrySpoelstra | 5:10 AM · Sep 1, 2024 {X}:
CardioVascular Surgeon, international clinical research, spin-offs, peer-Reviewer {Belgium}
Cardiac remodeling and inflammation detected by magnetic resonance imaging in COVID-19 survivors
🔥Yet another study identifying HEART DAMAGE post-C19!
➡️Study on myocardial injury (defined by increased troponin levels) or coagulation abnormalities (defined by increased D-dimer levels) between November 2020 and September 2022.
➡️Small study, but +/- 50% had Myocardial/Pericardial involvement post C19 Hospitalisation with a follow-up of 329 days as a median.
➡️Myocardial injury in the acute phase of COVID-19 is associated with a high prevalence CMR imaging–detected cardiac sequelae.
➡️The persistence and clinical impact of these findings are variable, consequently we recommend monitoring cardiac and tissue remodeling with cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) to stratify the risk, to define the prognosis and to assess the response to treatment in symptomatic patients.
➡️Some relatively good news, although there may be signs of cardiac remodeling, this partially reversed during follow-up……but only in a small subset of patients.( What happens with reinfections?)
😠Being undiplomatically frank, if you still don’t realize the bodily long-term Sars2 risks, you’re or really stupid, or ignorantly following freedom ostriches or already brain damage compromised and maybe, just maybe, sadly, beyond savior!
-----------------------------------
Eduardo B. Schaustz et al. 2024. Cardiac remodeling and inflammation detected by magnetic resonance imaging in COVID-19 survivors. IJC Heart & Vasculature
Volume 54, October 2024. https://sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352906724001659 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcha.2024.101499
Abstract
Background
Concerns have been raised about cardiac inflammation in patients with long COVID-19, particularly those with myocardial injury during the acute phase of the disease. This study was conducted to examine myopericardial involvement, detected by (CMR) imaging in patients hospitalized for COVID-19.
...Conclusion
Among COVID-19 survivors with myocardial injury during the acute phase of the disease, the incidences of nonischemic myocardial and pericardial LGE* and CMR {cardiac magnetic resonance} imaging–detected signs of cardiac remodeling, partially reversed during follow-up, were high.
* "Late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) by cardiac MR (CMR) is a predictor of adverse cardiovascular outcomes in patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM)." https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.113.001144
CardioVascular Surgeon, international clinical research, spin-offs, peer-Reviewer {Belgium}
Cardiac remodeling and inflammation detected by magnetic resonance imaging in COVID-19 survivors
🔥Yet another study identifying HEART DAMAGE post-C19!
➡️Study on myocardial injury (defined by increased troponin levels) or coagulation abnormalities (defined by increased D-dimer levels) between November 2020 and September 2022.
➡️Small study, but +/- 50% had Myocardial/Pericardial involvement post C19 Hospitalisation with a follow-up of 329 days as a median.
➡️Myocardial injury in the acute phase of COVID-19 is associated with a high prevalence CMR imaging–detected cardiac sequelae.
➡️The persistence and clinical impact of these findings are variable, consequently we recommend monitoring cardiac and tissue remodeling with cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) to stratify the risk, to define the prognosis and to assess the response to treatment in symptomatic patients.
➡️Some relatively good news, although there may be signs of cardiac remodeling, this partially reversed during follow-up……but only in a small subset of patients.( What happens with reinfections?)
😠Being undiplomatically frank, if you still don’t realize the bodily long-term Sars2 risks, you’re or really stupid, or ignorantly following freedom ostriches or already brain damage compromised and maybe, just maybe, sadly, beyond savior!
-----------------------------------
Eduardo B. Schaustz et al. 2024. Cardiac remodeling and inflammation detected by magnetic resonance imaging in COVID-19 survivors. IJC Heart & Vasculature
Volume 54, October 2024. https://sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352906724001659 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcha.2024.101499
Abstract
Background
Concerns have been raised about cardiac inflammation in patients with long COVID-19, particularly those with myocardial injury during the acute phase of the disease. This study was conducted to examine myopericardial involvement, detected by (CMR) imaging in patients hospitalized for COVID-19.
...Conclusion
Among COVID-19 survivors with myocardial injury during the acute phase of the disease, the incidences of nonischemic myocardial and pericardial LGE* and CMR {cardiac magnetic resonance} imaging–detected signs of cardiac remodeling, partially reversed during follow-up, were high.
* "Late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) by cardiac MR (CMR) is a predictor of adverse cardiovascular outcomes in patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM)." https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.113.001144
55margd
Stanford neurobiology & bioengineering prof:
pros & cons, how protein (Novavax) and mRNA (Pfizer, Moderna) vaccines work.
Michael Lin, MD PhD 🧬 @michaelzlin | 10:51 PM · Aug 31, 2024 {X}:
Assoc. Professor of Neurobiology & Bioengineering Stanford
☘️🧪🦠🧠🌈🔬📖🇺🇲🌏Neurons, viruses, proteins, medicines.
https://x.com/michaelzlin/status/1830084306175475825
Flew in from Asia today to learn the exciting news that Novavax's JN.1 booster has been approved!
So happy that the delay relative to RNA vaccines is less than a week. People will finally have a choice of RNA vs protein vaccines this fall.
What are the differences? ...
I made this graphic to show how different vaccine types work (back in 2021).
We can just look at line 1 (protein vax like Novavax) and line 3 (RNA vax).
In protein vax, antigen-presenting cells take up the antigen to activate B cells and Thelper cells....
Infographic (https://x.com/michaelzlin/status/1830078704183058611/photo/1)
In RNA vax, your muscles cells take up RNA and translate it into antigen. This process tends to be a bit inflammatory (apparently that's inherent to RNA uptake) so some cells die and release proteins that are also taken up by antigen-presenting cells.
The main differences between protein and RNA vax in practice are threefold:
(1) Cellular immunity, meaning CD8 cytotoxic T cell responses: RNA vax elicit this, whereas Novavax CTL responses are minimal.
RNA vax probably do so because having foreign antigens in muscle cells looks like a virus has infected those cells. The antigens are presented on MHC-I (whereas proteins ingested by antigen-presenting cells are expressed on MHC-II), and this is necessary for activating CD8 CTLs.
Cellular immunity provides a backup and mopping-up function after antibodies have cleared away viruses (note I did not use the term neutralize; more on why later), and lack of cellular immunity may cause prolonged disease. But cellular immunity is long-lived and broad-spectrum...
If you've had a RNA vax or a SARSCoV2 infection within the last 3 years, then you have cellular immunity. It's broad-spectrum as CTLs recognize many conserved regions of the spike (if you've only been vaccinated and never infected) or other viral proteins if you were infected.
And if you've never had a CTL response (because you only took Novavax vaccines and were never infected — a vanishingly small possibility), then if you get infected you will develop a CTL response in week 1 while antibodies are clearing the virus, after which CTLs help "mop up"
As you can see, I don't think much about keeping CTLs up. Once you have a CTL response (from RNA vax or infection), it stays with you. If you don't have one, you'll develop it during illness. It doesn't help prevent infection and having it ahead of time makes little difference.
(2) The second difference between protein vax and RNA vax is the peak amplitude of antibodies. Peak antibody levels are higher with RNA vax. This is certainly an advantage of RNA, but it only lasts for 2-6 weeks after inoculation. Titers drop dramatically after that.
This wave is going strong, and does not look like it will peak within 6 weeks. There's a lot of disease going on now, as there was a month ago. It seems likely there will be virus going around at Halloween and Thanksgiving gatherings, and Christmastime-New Year parties too.
Data on superiority of RNA-boosted Abs in month 1: https://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9576915/
As waves tend to last 3 months (and this one appears might even become 6 months), a 6-week period of somewhat higher protection doesn't seem so useful as how well a vax works over the entire wave, IMO.
And the data do show that in the long-term (measured from 3mo post-vax) Novavax is as good as RNA. Here's one study: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867422006535
(3) Now if there were no price to pay for having one month of high antibodies, then sure, why not RNA. But that brings us to difference #3 between protein and RNA vaccines: the RNA vax are stronger in their adverse effects on the immune system than any other vaccine we've ever taken.
IgG is the major class of antibodies your B cells make. When they encounter the same antigen repeatedly, often seen in autoimmunity or with parasitic infections, the IgG genes undergo "isotype switching" to IgG4, which lacks any of the "Fc effector" functions of other IgG types.
The Fc functions include antibody-mediated recruitment of phagocytic cells to engulf and destroy antibody-coated viral particles. We hear a lot about neutralizing antibodies because it's easy to test how well your blood neutralizes SARSCoV2 from entering cells, but in the body…
It's more efficient for an antibody to tag a virion, get the virion engulfed and destroyed, and for the antibody to be recycled to repeat the process. If neutralization were the only thing, we'd need more antibody molecules than spike proteins across all virions, a tall order.
An issue that's now well known is that RNA vaccines cause isotype switching to IgG4, which lacks these Fc functions. This was not the case with earlier vaccines, so appears to be the result of the strong B cell stimulation performed by RNA vaccines. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciimmunol.ade2798
Novavax, likely because its stimulation method is slow and steady, instead of creating a hot and heavy pseudoinfection in your muscles like RNA, does not induce the IgG4 isotype switch. It instead generates more IgG3, with the most Fc effector function. https://www.journalofinfection.com/article/S0163-4453(24)00053-7/fulltext
So those are the 3 differences between Novavax and RNA:
(1) CTL responses with RNA,
(2) higher peak Abs with RNA,
(3) faster conversion to non-catalytic IgG4 with RNA.
(4) Actually there's a fourth: Side effects are stronger with RNA than Novavax.
Essentially the headache and fatigue we get from RNA vaccines is quite a bit out of line compared with historical flu vaccines, whereas Novavax is more in line with flu vaccines (not surprisingly, as both use proteins).
Here's one study; there are others: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/12/7/802
So for those of use who have been following the development of RNA vaccines and watching the Novavax tortoise moving toward the finish line, the major difference has always been clear: RNA vax provide a strong stimulus, stronger than what we are used to in annual vaccines.
Without a doubt, for the initial rounds of vaccination in 2020 and 2021, RNA was a lifesaver. The higher reactogenecity was a small price to pay to avoid hospitalization. Issues with vaccine purity delayed Novavax, so we were lucky to have RNA ready.
However, now that we are getting into these 3- to 6-month long waves, now that nearly everyone has had COVID-19 and therefore has hybrid humoral and cellular immunity, we can rethink which kind of vaccine is appropriate on an annual basis.
Essentially now we are fighting off a chronic threat of COVID19. Vaccines are really not effective enough to be the only preventive measure. We'd have to get vaxxed 4 times a year, which is not going to happen. Instead we have to figure out our own behavioral risk/reward ratios.
For preventing transmission, the situation is similar to flu (a poor analogy as SARSCoV2 outcomes can often be more severe than flu). Perhaps the best we can do is avoid spending too much time in loud crowded indoor setting, and encourage people to test at the first symptoms.
So the vaccines now become a personal choice, and there is no right or wrong answer. But given the differences presented above, my own plan is to get 2 years Novavax (slow and steady baseline) and 1 year Pfizer-BioNTech (for a little CD8 T cell push).
If in a given year, we have a tightly timed surge for just 2 month (say Dec-Jan), then RNA may be worth considering, but that doesn't seem to be happening this year. So might was well do the lesser insult of protein, riding with the tortoise instead of the hare.
That's just me. Not medical advice. YMMV {your mileage may vary}. This is essentially a willingness to take on slightly higher integrated risk of infection for a more balanced immune system.
Forgot to mention, there's a formulation difference between the JN.1 Novavax and the KP.2 Pfizer and Moderna. At the VRBPAC meeting, Novavax made a point that JN.1 was the father to all circulating strains and the antigenic differences were minor compared to the leap from XBB.
This sounded reasonable to me at the time, because in protein evolution we always evolve on the latest two generations in case the latest one becomes an evolutionary dead-end. The VRBPAC {Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee} agreed with Novavax, which was why their recommendation was anything in JN.1.
Everyone thought that was settled, except the next day, FDA (without asking VRBPAC) announced they would prefer KP.2 which was the rising sublineage at the time. Pfizer and Moderna (who had presented results of KP.2 boosters to VRBPAC) immediately said they'd do it.
Hmm, I wonder who might have called their contacts at FDA?
But now KP.3 is the one going around. And Novavax's data are that their JN.1 vax neutralizes KP.3 well.
Even Moderna shows JN.1-to-KP.3 is better than KP.2-to-KP.3.
So Novavax was right.
https://x.com/JUurinmaki/status/1825034073690997055
pros & cons, how protein (Novavax) and mRNA (Pfizer, Moderna) vaccines work.
Michael Lin, MD PhD 🧬 @michaelzlin | 10:51 PM · Aug 31, 2024 {X}:
Assoc. Professor of Neurobiology & Bioengineering Stanford
☘️🧪🦠🧠🌈🔬📖🇺🇲🌏Neurons, viruses, proteins, medicines.
https://x.com/michaelzlin/status/1830084306175475825
Flew in from Asia today to learn the exciting news that Novavax's JN.1 booster has been approved!
So happy that the delay relative to RNA vaccines is less than a week. People will finally have a choice of RNA vs protein vaccines this fall.
What are the differences? ...
I made this graphic to show how different vaccine types work (back in 2021).
We can just look at line 1 (protein vax like Novavax) and line 3 (RNA vax).
In protein vax, antigen-presenting cells take up the antigen to activate B cells and Thelper cells....
Infographic (https://x.com/michaelzlin/status/1830078704183058611/photo/1)
In RNA vax, your muscles cells take up RNA and translate it into antigen. This process tends to be a bit inflammatory (apparently that's inherent to RNA uptake) so some cells die and release proteins that are also taken up by antigen-presenting cells.
The main differences between protein and RNA vax in practice are threefold:
(1) Cellular immunity, meaning CD8 cytotoxic T cell responses: RNA vax elicit this, whereas Novavax CTL responses are minimal.
RNA vax probably do so because having foreign antigens in muscle cells looks like a virus has infected those cells. The antigens are presented on MHC-I (whereas proteins ingested by antigen-presenting cells are expressed on MHC-II), and this is necessary for activating CD8 CTLs.
Cellular immunity provides a backup and mopping-up function after antibodies have cleared away viruses (note I did not use the term neutralize; more on why later), and lack of cellular immunity may cause prolonged disease. But cellular immunity is long-lived and broad-spectrum...
If you've had a RNA vax or a SARSCoV2 infection within the last 3 years, then you have cellular immunity. It's broad-spectrum as CTLs recognize many conserved regions of the spike (if you've only been vaccinated and never infected) or other viral proteins if you were infected.
And if you've never had a CTL response (because you only took Novavax vaccines and were never infected — a vanishingly small possibility), then if you get infected you will develop a CTL response in week 1 while antibodies are clearing the virus, after which CTLs help "mop up"
As you can see, I don't think much about keeping CTLs up. Once you have a CTL response (from RNA vax or infection), it stays with you. If you don't have one, you'll develop it during illness. It doesn't help prevent infection and having it ahead of time makes little difference.
(2) The second difference between protein vax and RNA vax is the peak amplitude of antibodies. Peak antibody levels are higher with RNA vax. This is certainly an advantage of RNA, but it only lasts for 2-6 weeks after inoculation. Titers drop dramatically after that.
This wave is going strong, and does not look like it will peak within 6 weeks. There's a lot of disease going on now, as there was a month ago. It seems likely there will be virus going around at Halloween and Thanksgiving gatherings, and Christmastime-New Year parties too.
Data on superiority of RNA-boosted Abs in month 1: https://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9576915/
As waves tend to last 3 months (and this one appears might even become 6 months), a 6-week period of somewhat higher protection doesn't seem so useful as how well a vax works over the entire wave, IMO.
And the data do show that in the long-term (measured from 3mo post-vax) Novavax is as good as RNA. Here's one study: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867422006535
(3) Now if there were no price to pay for having one month of high antibodies, then sure, why not RNA. But that brings us to difference #3 between protein and RNA vaccines: the RNA vax are stronger in their adverse effects on the immune system than any other vaccine we've ever taken.
IgG is the major class of antibodies your B cells make. When they encounter the same antigen repeatedly, often seen in autoimmunity or with parasitic infections, the IgG genes undergo "isotype switching" to IgG4, which lacks any of the "Fc effector" functions of other IgG types.
The Fc functions include antibody-mediated recruitment of phagocytic cells to engulf and destroy antibody-coated viral particles. We hear a lot about neutralizing antibodies because it's easy to test how well your blood neutralizes SARSCoV2 from entering cells, but in the body…
It's more efficient for an antibody to tag a virion, get the virion engulfed and destroyed, and for the antibody to be recycled to repeat the process. If neutralization were the only thing, we'd need more antibody molecules than spike proteins across all virions, a tall order.
An issue that's now well known is that RNA vaccines cause isotype switching to IgG4, which lacks these Fc functions. This was not the case with earlier vaccines, so appears to be the result of the strong B cell stimulation performed by RNA vaccines. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciimmunol.ade2798
Novavax, likely because its stimulation method is slow and steady, instead of creating a hot and heavy pseudoinfection in your muscles like RNA, does not induce the IgG4 isotype switch. It instead generates more IgG3, with the most Fc effector function. https://www.journalofinfection.com/article/S0163-4453(24)00053-7/fulltext
So those are the 3 differences between Novavax and RNA:
(1) CTL responses with RNA,
(2) higher peak Abs with RNA,
(3) faster conversion to non-catalytic IgG4 with RNA.
(4) Actually there's a fourth: Side effects are stronger with RNA than Novavax.
Essentially the headache and fatigue we get from RNA vaccines is quite a bit out of line compared with historical flu vaccines, whereas Novavax is more in line with flu vaccines (not surprisingly, as both use proteins).
Here's one study; there are others: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/12/7/802
So for those of use who have been following the development of RNA vaccines and watching the Novavax tortoise moving toward the finish line, the major difference has always been clear: RNA vax provide a strong stimulus, stronger than what we are used to in annual vaccines.
Without a doubt, for the initial rounds of vaccination in 2020 and 2021, RNA was a lifesaver. The higher reactogenecity was a small price to pay to avoid hospitalization. Issues with vaccine purity delayed Novavax, so we were lucky to have RNA ready.
However, now that we are getting into these 3- to 6-month long waves, now that nearly everyone has had COVID-19 and therefore has hybrid humoral and cellular immunity, we can rethink which kind of vaccine is appropriate on an annual basis.
Essentially now we are fighting off a chronic threat of COVID19. Vaccines are really not effective enough to be the only preventive measure. We'd have to get vaxxed 4 times a year, which is not going to happen. Instead we have to figure out our own behavioral risk/reward ratios.
For preventing transmission, the situation is similar to flu (a poor analogy as SARSCoV2 outcomes can often be more severe than flu). Perhaps the best we can do is avoid spending too much time in loud crowded indoor setting, and encourage people to test at the first symptoms.
So the vaccines now become a personal choice, and there is no right or wrong answer. But given the differences presented above, my own plan is to get 2 years Novavax (slow and steady baseline) and 1 year Pfizer-BioNTech (for a little CD8 T cell push).
If in a given year, we have a tightly timed surge for just 2 month (say Dec-Jan), then RNA may be worth considering, but that doesn't seem to be happening this year. So might was well do the lesser insult of protein, riding with the tortoise instead of the hare.
That's just me. Not medical advice. YMMV {your mileage may vary}. This is essentially a willingness to take on slightly higher integrated risk of infection for a more balanced immune system.
Forgot to mention, there's a formulation difference between the JN.1 Novavax and the KP.2 Pfizer and Moderna. At the VRBPAC meeting, Novavax made a point that JN.1 was the father to all circulating strains and the antigenic differences were minor compared to the leap from XBB.
This sounded reasonable to me at the time, because in protein evolution we always evolve on the latest two generations in case the latest one becomes an evolutionary dead-end. The VRBPAC {Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee} agreed with Novavax, which was why their recommendation was anything in JN.1.
Everyone thought that was settled, except the next day, FDA (without asking VRBPAC) announced they would prefer KP.2 which was the rising sublineage at the time. Pfizer and Moderna (who had presented results of KP.2 boosters to VRBPAC) immediately said they'd do it.
Hmm, I wonder who might have called their contacts at FDA?
But now KP.3 is the one going around. And Novavax's data are that their JN.1 vax neutralizes KP.3 well.
Even Moderna shows JN.1-to-KP.3 is better than KP.2-to-KP.3.
So Novavax was right.
https://x.com/JUurinmaki/status/1825034073690997055
56margd
Review: association between COVID-19 and a number of neurodegenerative disorders ... Alzheimer’s disease, ischemic stroke, and multiple sclerosis
Klaudia Kryńska 2024. The Influence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection on the Development of Selected Neurological Diseases (Review). Int. J. Mol. Sci. 9 Aug 2024, 25(16), 8715; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25168715 https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/16/8715 Open access.
Klaudia Kryńska 2024. The Influence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection on the Development of Selected Neurological Diseases (Review). Int. J. Mol. Sci. 9 Aug 2024, 25(16), 8715; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25168715 https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/16/8715 Open access.
57margd
Population immunity, explained.
Marc Veldhoen @Marc_Veld | 3:30 AM · Aug 31, 2024:
Head of Lab, Professor Basic Immunology, T cell expert. {Lisbon}
https://threadreaderapp.com/thread/1829783881437876672.html
https://x.com/Marc_Veld/status/1829783881437876672
Population immunity. Yes, that again. A very difficult concept for many. So much so that some claim it does not exist or, at least, doesn't for SARS-COV-2.
But it does, of course. It is misunderstood, bc it is not how many understand it should be working.
Again: immunity reduces the risk of disease as a consequence of a particular infection.
Risk of infection (and disease) depends on the host (antibody waning) and the pathogen (mutations, variants location and speed).
(For disease: pathogenicity, speed, load, genetics)
This causes confusion with many thinking that immunity prevents infection: it can, but during a limited time.
Yet, this is often used to explain group immunity. It is not incorrect, however, think about the pathogen side!
Many can think of pathogens like measlesvirus, and think they have not been infected bc they were vaccinated or had the infection. But you do, but clear the virus before symptoms or transmission. You protect others.
For a fast respiratory virus ithere is still group immunity. Yes, it reduces disease and also infections. The infection reoccures more frequently and you notice them more. The pathogen is very fast and can transmit.
This means that protection of those around us is less. But it still matters!
Our rapid response may not stop infection or new virus generation. But, it does reduce transmission. It does this by killing infected cells: less virus production. And by coating the virus
with antibodies. Many will be neutralising and thereby reduce transmission. Other will make the particle more immune visible and ensure rapid clearance. The total means: less risk of transmission and less infectious virus when transmission does occur.
This matters a lot!
It matters a lot when you think about exponential growth. Even reducing that with 10% makes a big impact.
But there is more. Synchronised immunity does mean many of us are not or with more difficulty susceptible to infection for several months. The classic group immunity.
Yes, true, that will wane. But it pushes the virus into a wave pattern, and with immunity strong, the infection rate will be more determined by human behaviour: the virus strikes when antibodies have waned sufficiently and we are closer together with less ventilation.
This is seasonality. Ensuring we do not have a high risk of infection the whole year round.
This is how it works for all viruses, why we have higher risk of infection at some points of the year over others. SARS-COV-2 is no exception. But, it does take a bit of time
Marc Veldhoen @Marc_Veld | 3:30 AM · Aug 31, 2024:
Head of Lab, Professor Basic Immunology, T cell expert. {Lisbon}
https://threadreaderapp.com/thread/1829783881437876672.html
https://x.com/Marc_Veld/status/1829783881437876672
Population immunity. Yes, that again. A very difficult concept for many. So much so that some claim it does not exist or, at least, doesn't for SARS-COV-2.
But it does, of course. It is misunderstood, bc it is not how many understand it should be working.
Again: immunity reduces the risk of disease as a consequence of a particular infection.
Risk of infection (and disease) depends on the host (antibody waning) and the pathogen (mutations, variants location and speed).
(For disease: pathogenicity, speed, load, genetics)
This causes confusion with many thinking that immunity prevents infection: it can, but during a limited time.
Yet, this is often used to explain group immunity. It is not incorrect, however, think about the pathogen side!
Many can think of pathogens like measlesvirus, and think they have not been infected bc they were vaccinated or had the infection. But you do, but clear the virus before symptoms or transmission. You protect others.
For a fast respiratory virus ithere is still group immunity. Yes, it reduces disease and also infections. The infection reoccures more frequently and you notice them more. The pathogen is very fast and can transmit.
This means that protection of those around us is less. But it still matters!
Our rapid response may not stop infection or new virus generation. But, it does reduce transmission. It does this by killing infected cells: less virus production. And by coating the virus
with antibodies. Many will be neutralising and thereby reduce transmission. Other will make the particle more immune visible and ensure rapid clearance. The total means: less risk of transmission and less infectious virus when transmission does occur.
This matters a lot!
It matters a lot when you think about exponential growth. Even reducing that with 10% makes a big impact.
But there is more. Synchronised immunity does mean many of us are not or with more difficulty susceptible to infection for several months. The classic group immunity.
Yes, true, that will wane. But it pushes the virus into a wave pattern, and with immunity strong, the infection rate will be more determined by human behaviour: the virus strikes when antibodies have waned sufficiently and we are closer together with less ventilation.
This is seasonality. Ensuring we do not have a high risk of infection the whole year round.
This is how it works for all viruses, why we have higher risk of infection at some points of the year over others. SARS-COV-2 is no exception. But, it does take a bit of time
58margd
Daniel O Griffin 2024. Postacute Sequelae of COVID (PASC or Long COVID): An Evidenced-Based Approach (Editor's Choice). Open Forum Infectious Diseases, Volume 11, Issue 9, September 2024, , https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofae462 https://academic.oup.com/ofid/article/11/9/ofae462/7733485
Abstract
... Here, we share the evidence regarding the abnormalities associated with postacute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) and therapeutics. We describe physiological and biochemical abnormalities seen in individuals reporting PASC. We describe the several evidence-based interventions to offer patients. It is expected that this growing understanding of the mechanisms driving PASC and the benefits seen with certain therapeutics may not only lead to better outcomes for those with PASC but may also have the potential for understanding and treating other postinfectious sequelae.
Table 6. Individualized Therapeutics for Long Covid
https://x.com/ejustin46/status/1830630809390501942/photo/1
Abstract
... Here, we share the evidence regarding the abnormalities associated with postacute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) and therapeutics. We describe physiological and biochemical abnormalities seen in individuals reporting PASC. We describe the several evidence-based interventions to offer patients. It is expected that this growing understanding of the mechanisms driving PASC and the benefits seen with certain therapeutics may not only lead to better outcomes for those with PASC but may also have the potential for understanding and treating other postinfectious sequelae.
Table 6. Individualized Therapeutics for Long Covid
https://x.com/ejustin46/status/1830630809390501942/photo/1
59margd
Matthew Gagne et al. 2024. Mucosal adenovirus vaccine boosting elicits IgA and durably prevents XBB.1.16 infection in nonhuman primates. Nature Immunology (3 Sept 2024). https://www.nature.com/articles/s41590-024-01951-5 {Open access}
Abstract
... NHPs {nonhuman primates} boosted by either mucosal route {intranasal or aerosol device*} had minimal virus replication in the nose and lungs, respectively. By contrast, protection by intramuscular mRNA was limited to the lower airways. The mucosally delivered vaccine elicited durable airway IgG and IgA {immunoglobulins} responses and, unlike the intramuscular mRNA vaccine, induced spike-specific B cells in the lungs. IgG, IgA and T cell responses correlated with protection in the lungs, whereas mucosal IgA alone correlated with upper airway protection. This study highlights differential mucosal and serum correlates of protection and how mucosal vaccines can durably prevent infection against SARS-CoV-2.
* 1. MAD Nasal Intranasal Mucosal Atomization Device (MAD): designed to deliver a mist of 30- to 100-µm particles to the upper airway.
2. Investigational eFlow Nebulizer System (PARI Respiratory Equipment): a silicone face mask attachment (PARI SMARTMASK Baby/Kids) to enable particle deposition into the nose and lungs.
-------------------------------------
Fanchong Jian & Yunlong Cao 2024. Vaccine boosters. The delivery device of SARS-CoV-2 mucosal vaccine matters (News & Views). Nature Immunology (3 Sept 2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41590-024-01950-6 {Paywall}
Mucosal vaccine boosters are expected to enhance protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection. A study now reveals that the delivery device — through either intranasal sprayers or nebulizers — also influences the mucosal immunity and protection efficacy in non-human primates.
Abstract
... NHPs {nonhuman primates} boosted by either mucosal route {intranasal or aerosol device*} had minimal virus replication in the nose and lungs, respectively. By contrast, protection by intramuscular mRNA was limited to the lower airways. The mucosally delivered vaccine elicited durable airway IgG and IgA {immunoglobulins} responses and, unlike the intramuscular mRNA vaccine, induced spike-specific B cells in the lungs. IgG, IgA and T cell responses correlated with protection in the lungs, whereas mucosal IgA alone correlated with upper airway protection. This study highlights differential mucosal and serum correlates of protection and how mucosal vaccines can durably prevent infection against SARS-CoV-2.
* 1. MAD Nasal Intranasal Mucosal Atomization Device (MAD): designed to deliver a mist of 30- to 100-µm particles to the upper airway.
2. Investigational eFlow Nebulizer System (PARI Respiratory Equipment): a silicone face mask attachment (PARI SMARTMASK Baby/Kids) to enable particle deposition into the nose and lungs.
-------------------------------------
Fanchong Jian & Yunlong Cao 2024. Vaccine boosters. The delivery device of SARS-CoV-2 mucosal vaccine matters (News & Views). Nature Immunology (3 Sept 2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41590-024-01950-6 {Paywall}
Mucosal vaccine boosters are expected to enhance protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection. A study now reveals that the delivery device — through either intranasal sprayers or nebulizers — also influences the mucosal immunity and protection efficacy in non-human primates.
60margd
Janusz Kocjan et al. 2024. Diaphragm Muscle Atrophy Contributes to Low Physical Capacity in COVID-19 Survivors.
Life 2024, 14(9), 1117; 5 Sept 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14091117 https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/14/9/1117 Open access.
Abstract
...A total of 46 patients who qualified for pulmonary rehabilitation were examined. Diaphragm muscle function parameters were evaluated using ultrasonography, while the severity of dyspnea {shortness of breath}, aerobic capacity, and the amount of energy used by the body during physical activity were assessed ... We identified that 69.5% of patients had diaphragm atrophy and 6.5% had diaphragm paralysis. The percentage of atrophy was not related to age, gender, BMI, oxygen therapy usage during the COVID-19 infection course, and disease severity. Patients who experienced cough, fever, and no loss of smell during the COVID-19 course had significantly greater diaphragm inspiratory thickness values, while patients with cough and no smell disorders had a significantly lower percentage of diaphragm atrophy. Diaphragm functional parameters were strongly associated with selected variables of exercise tolerance, such as distance in the six-minute walk test, oxygen saturation levels, fatigue, and exertion on the Borg scale. In conclusion, diaphragm muscle dysfunction is a serious long-term post-COVID-19 consequence and can be viewed as a major contributing factor to prolonged functional impairments.
bar graph % atophy due to fever, loss of smell (https://x.com/HarrySpoelstra/status/1832715004509868387/photo/1)
Life 2024, 14(9), 1117; 5 Sept 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14091117 https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/14/9/1117 Open access.
Abstract
...A total of 46 patients who qualified for pulmonary rehabilitation were examined. Diaphragm muscle function parameters were evaluated using ultrasonography, while the severity of dyspnea {shortness of breath}, aerobic capacity, and the amount of energy used by the body during physical activity were assessed ... We identified that 69.5% of patients had diaphragm atrophy and 6.5% had diaphragm paralysis. The percentage of atrophy was not related to age, gender, BMI, oxygen therapy usage during the COVID-19 infection course, and disease severity. Patients who experienced cough, fever, and no loss of smell during the COVID-19 course had significantly greater diaphragm inspiratory thickness values, while patients with cough and no smell disorders had a significantly lower percentage of diaphragm atrophy. Diaphragm functional parameters were strongly associated with selected variables of exercise tolerance, such as distance in the six-minute walk test, oxygen saturation levels, fatigue, and exertion on the Borg scale. In conclusion, diaphragm muscle dysfunction is a serious long-term post-COVID-19 consequence and can be viewed as a major contributing factor to prolonged functional impairments.
bar graph % atophy due to fever, loss of smell (https://x.com/HarrySpoelstra/status/1832715004509868387/photo/1)
61margd
Covid lockdowns prematurely aged girls’ brains more than boys’, study finds
Ian Sample | 9 Sep 2024
MRI scans found girls’ brains appeared 4.2 years older than expected after lockdowns, compared with 1.4 years for boys...
https://www.theguardian.com/science/article/2024/sep/09/covid-lockdowns-prematur...
Neva M. Corrigan et al. 2024. COVID-19 lockdown effects on adolescent brain structure suggest accelerated maturation that is more pronounced in females than in males. PNAS September 9, 2024, 121 (38) e2403200121.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2403200121 https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.2403200121
Abstract
...These findings suggest that the lifestyle disruptions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns caused changes in brain biology and had a more severe impact on the female than the male brain.
The Current Study
...All study participants were selected from adolescents living in the same community, using identical exclusion criteria; all study participants experienced similar pandemic lockdown timelines; and all brain data were acquired on the same MRI instrument. This design strategy mitigated concerns that arise when normative models are developed on populations with different demographic characteristics and using different imaging systems ...
_______________________________
Covid Action Scotland @ZeroCovidScot | 3:51 PM · Sep 9, 2024:
We do not live with Cholera, Polio, Tuberculosis or Typhoid. Do not tell us to 'live with Covid'. #VaccinesPlus
Speechless: https://theguardian.com/science/article/2024/sep/09/covid-lockdowns-prematurely-... ! Researchers found "premature ageing" of adolescent's brains "post Covid" {SIC} compared to before. Conclude it must have been due to lockdowns, without even considering known impacts of infections. 😠
From theguardian.com
Ian Sample | 9 Sep 2024
MRI scans found girls’ brains appeared 4.2 years older than expected after lockdowns, compared with 1.4 years for boys...
https://www.theguardian.com/science/article/2024/sep/09/covid-lockdowns-prematur...
Neva M. Corrigan et al. 2024. COVID-19 lockdown effects on adolescent brain structure suggest accelerated maturation that is more pronounced in females than in males. PNAS September 9, 2024, 121 (38) e2403200121.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2403200121 https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.2403200121
Abstract
...These findings suggest that the lifestyle disruptions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns caused changes in brain biology and had a more severe impact on the female than the male brain.
The Current Study
...All study participants were selected from adolescents living in the same community, using identical exclusion criteria; all study participants experienced similar pandemic lockdown timelines; and all brain data were acquired on the same MRI instrument. This design strategy mitigated concerns that arise when normative models are developed on populations with different demographic characteristics and using different imaging systems ...
_______________________________
Covid Action Scotland @ZeroCovidScot | 3:51 PM · Sep 9, 2024:
We do not live with Cholera, Polio, Tuberculosis or Typhoid. Do not tell us to 'live with Covid'. #VaccinesPlus
Speechless: https://theguardian.com/science/article/2024/sep/09/covid-lockdowns-prematurely-... ! Researchers found "premature ageing" of adolescent's brains "post Covid" {SIC} compared to before. Conclude it must have been due to lockdowns, without even considering known impacts of infections. 😠
From theguardian.com
62margd
Mike Hoerger, PhD MSCR MBA @michael_hoerger
Director of the top public U.S. #COVID forecasting dashboard (PMC).
#HealthPsych PhD Program Director, #CovidCancer scientist, over 100 science publications. {NOLA}
https://threadreaderapp.com/thread/1833366199440158756.html
(With comments) https://x.com/michael_hoerger/status/1833366199440158756
PMC COVID-19 Forecasting Model, Sept 9, 2024
🧵1/7 Nationally, we appear to have passed the peak of our late-summer wave, and it's not pretty.
At peak:
🔹>1 margd:.3 million daily infections
🔹2.8% (1 in 36) actively infectious
🔹Transmission higher than 90.5% of the pandemic
We are showing a peak around Aug 10, but as you look closely at the graph and in later Tweets, you'll see it was bimodal, with near-identical transmission on Aug 10 and Aug 24.
The CDC consistently corrects historical data, so in hindsight, we might expect the official peak date to flip to the 24th, or for the stats on the 10th to jump higher.
We had expected that Friday's data release might show this was the largest summer peak all-time (by the slimmest of margins), but the prior week's data were retroactively corrected downward by about 5%.
This is a common occurrence, which is why it's important to focus on the big-picture forecast (very bad transmission the remainder of 2024) as opposed to minute details.
Let's walk through the details in this Thread...
2/7 The current year-over-year graph on Covid transmission is troubling. We just had the worst August of Covid transmission in the U.S.
We are likely to have our worst September, worst October, and potentially worst November of transmission.
We expect to bottom out around 850,000 daily infections in early November, before the winter surge picks up.
These new monthly records for Covid transmission are the consequence of #LaissezFairePublicHealth, especially the 1-day isolation policy, but more generally that public health officials are not describing transmission frankly and the need for multi-layered mitigation.
https://x.com/michael_hoerger/status/1833368843315524071/photo/1
3/7 Zooming in, see the forest for the trees: About 74 days in a row with 1 million daily infections.
The peak date is somewhat arbitrary, and either Aug 10 or 24 may be estimated the peak in hindsight.
https://x.com/michael_hoerger/status/1833370473670799584/photo/1
4/7 Statistics to reinforce the significance of the ongoing pandemic:
🔹1.1 million daily infections on average the next month
🔹2.2% (1 in 45) actively infectious any given day of the next month
🔹High-risk in classroom-sized settings
🔹>1 margd:.5 million resulting Long COVID cases from infections derived during the next month
https://x.com/michael_hoerger/status/1833371848265908682/photo/1
5/7 This is the current heat map for Covid transmission. We released this Friday, given the ongoing debate about the CDC coloring their map in cool blue using the same data.
https://x.com/michael_hoerger/status/1832394888656384159/photo/1
6/7 Here are regional estimates of transmission. Note that you can estimate the percent of your state actively infectious by looking up the CDC Level on their website and multiplying it by 0.330.
These are approximate estimates and higher quality in states with more and longer-standing wastewater sites.
Go here, select a state from the drop-down:
https://cdc.gov/nwss/rv/COVID19-statetrend.html
For example, in Louisiana the most recently-reported CDC Level is 8.31.
8.31 * 0.330 = 2.74, signifying that 2.74% of the state is estimated to be actively infectious with Covid.
Take 100 divided by that number to get the "1 in ____" statistic. For example, 100/2.74 = 36.45, signifying that 1 in 36 people in Louisiana are estimated to be actively infectious.
Watch your decimals, and remember these formulas can't just be thrown at any random wastewater tracker.
https://x.com/michael_hoerger/status/1833374761482702906/photo/1
... 7/7
Here's the complete dashboard.
https://x.com/michael_hoerger/status/1833376867518226586/photo/1
Use, crop, improve, and share as desired across other platforms and the web. Tag me if helpful.
Read the full report and technical appendix online: http://pmc19.com/data
Director of the top public U.S. #COVID forecasting dashboard (PMC).
#HealthPsych PhD Program Director, #CovidCancer scientist, over 100 science publications. {NOLA}
https://threadreaderapp.com/thread/1833366199440158756.html
(With comments) https://x.com/michael_hoerger/status/1833366199440158756
PMC COVID-19 Forecasting Model, Sept 9, 2024
🧵1/7 Nationally, we appear to have passed the peak of our late-summer wave, and it's not pretty.
At peak:
🔹>1 margd:.3 million daily infections
🔹2.8% (1 in 36) actively infectious
🔹Transmission higher than 90.5% of the pandemic
We are showing a peak around Aug 10, but as you look closely at the graph and in later Tweets, you'll see it was bimodal, with near-identical transmission on Aug 10 and Aug 24.
The CDC consistently corrects historical data, so in hindsight, we might expect the official peak date to flip to the 24th, or for the stats on the 10th to jump higher.
We had expected that Friday's data release might show this was the largest summer peak all-time (by the slimmest of margins), but the prior week's data were retroactively corrected downward by about 5%.
This is a common occurrence, which is why it's important to focus on the big-picture forecast (very bad transmission the remainder of 2024) as opposed to minute details.
Let's walk through the details in this Thread...
2/7 The current year-over-year graph on Covid transmission is troubling. We just had the worst August of Covid transmission in the U.S.
We are likely to have our worst September, worst October, and potentially worst November of transmission.
We expect to bottom out around 850,000 daily infections in early November, before the winter surge picks up.
These new monthly records for Covid transmission are the consequence of #LaissezFairePublicHealth, especially the 1-day isolation policy, but more generally that public health officials are not describing transmission frankly and the need for multi-layered mitigation.
https://x.com/michael_hoerger/status/1833368843315524071/photo/1
3/7 Zooming in, see the forest for the trees: About 74 days in a row with 1 million daily infections.
The peak date is somewhat arbitrary, and either Aug 10 or 24 may be estimated the peak in hindsight.
https://x.com/michael_hoerger/status/1833370473670799584/photo/1
4/7 Statistics to reinforce the significance of the ongoing pandemic:
🔹1.1 million daily infections on average the next month
🔹2.2% (1 in 45) actively infectious any given day of the next month
🔹High-risk in classroom-sized settings
🔹>1 margd:.5 million resulting Long COVID cases from infections derived during the next month
https://x.com/michael_hoerger/status/1833371848265908682/photo/1
5/7 This is the current heat map for Covid transmission. We released this Friday, given the ongoing debate about the CDC coloring their map in cool blue using the same data.
https://x.com/michael_hoerger/status/1832394888656384159/photo/1
6/7 Here are regional estimates of transmission. Note that you can estimate the percent of your state actively infectious by looking up the CDC Level on their website and multiplying it by 0.330.
These are approximate estimates and higher quality in states with more and longer-standing wastewater sites.
Go here, select a state from the drop-down:
https://cdc.gov/nwss/rv/COVID19-statetrend.html
For example, in Louisiana the most recently-reported CDC Level is 8.31.
8.31 * 0.330 = 2.74, signifying that 2.74% of the state is estimated to be actively infectious with Covid.
Take 100 divided by that number to get the "1 in ____" statistic. For example, 100/2.74 = 36.45, signifying that 1 in 36 people in Louisiana are estimated to be actively infectious.
Watch your decimals, and remember these formulas can't just be thrown at any random wastewater tracker.
https://x.com/michael_hoerger/status/1833374761482702906/photo/1
... 7/7
Here's the complete dashboard.
https://x.com/michael_hoerger/status/1833376867518226586/photo/1
Use, crop, improve, and share as desired across other platforms and the web. Tag me if helpful.
Read the full report and technical appendix online: http://pmc19.com/data
63margd
Hospital caseload strain may have contributed to 1 in 5 COVID deaths
Lisa Schnirring | September 10, 2024
https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/covid-19/hospital-caseload-strain-may-have-contribute...
--------------------------------------
Maniraj Neupane et al. 2024. Association Between Hospital Type and Resilience During COVID-19 Caseload Stress: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Annals of Internal Medicine, 10 September 2024. https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M24-0869 https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M24-0869 FREE
ABSTRACT...
Setting: 620 U.S. hospitals in the PINC AI Healthcare Database.
Participants: Adult inpatients with COVID-19 admitted July to November 2021.
...
Conclusion:
Comparably detrimental relationships between COVID-19 caseload and survival were seen across all hospital types, including highly advanced centers, and well beyond the pandemic’s learning curve. These lessons from the pandemic heighten the need to minimize caseload surges and their effects across all hospital types during public health and staffing crises.
Lisa Schnirring | September 10, 2024
https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/covid-19/hospital-caseload-strain-may-have-contribute...
--------------------------------------
Maniraj Neupane et al. 2024. Association Between Hospital Type and Resilience During COVID-19 Caseload Stress: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Annals of Internal Medicine, 10 September 2024. https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M24-0869 https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M24-0869 FREE
ABSTRACT...
Setting: 620 U.S. hospitals in the PINC AI Healthcare Database.
Participants: Adult inpatients with COVID-19 admitted July to November 2021.
...
Conclusion:
Comparably detrimental relationships between COVID-19 caseload and survival were seen across all hospital types, including highly advanced centers, and well beyond the pandemic’s learning curve. These lessons from the pandemic heighten the need to minimize caseload surges and their effects across all hospital types during public health and staffing crises.
64margd
Does This Stuff Even Work? Yeah, Looks Like It Does.
Protecting ourselves in the worst case scenario.{COVID, etc.}
Jessica Wildfire | September 10 2024
... As we mask while demanding clean air and better medicine, it's time to revisit those plants and see what they can do.
Do they even work?
Yeah, they do ...
https://www.okdoomer.io/does-this-stuff-even-work-yeah-looks-like-it-does/
Chart of plant compounds w dosages & references
https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1cTJ3lXHPUW7AyrZPXQb63IjmhVbahRm_7Y5IMxKc...
Protecting ourselves in the worst case scenario.{COVID, etc.}
Jessica Wildfire | September 10 2024
... As we mask while demanding clean air and better medicine, it's time to revisit those plants and see what they can do.
Do they even work?
Yeah, they do ...
https://www.okdoomer.io/does-this-stuff-even-work-yeah-looks-like-it-does/
Chart of plant compounds w dosages & references
https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1cTJ3lXHPUW7AyrZPXQb63IjmhVbahRm_7Y5IMxKc...
65margd
What We Know About Covid’s Impact on Your Brain
Jason Gale | September 12, 2024
Scientists are worried that persisting cognitive issues may signal a coming surge of dementia and other mental conditions
What Studies Show
How Covid Harms the Brain
Possible Economic Impact
The Reference Shelf
https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2024-09-13/does-covid-lead-to-dementia-h...
Jason Gale | September 12, 2024
Scientists are worried that persisting cognitive issues may signal a coming surge of dementia and other mental conditions
What Studies Show
How Covid Harms the Brain
Possible Economic Impact
The Reference Shelf
https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2024-09-13/does-covid-lead-to-dementia-h...
66margd
Barry Hunt -------------------------- Novavax 4 Me
@BarryHunt008 | 11:35 AM · Sep 14, 2024 {X}:
Life is short. Have fun. Make a difference. 😊❤️💪🇨🇦💜 Canada 🇨🇦chaircoalition.org/About-Us.htm {The Coalition for Community and Healthcare Acquired Infection Reduction (Canada)}
It turns out...
Mask mandates & precautions really did work
Graph, masks v % COVID-infected, Canada April 2020 - September 2024 (https://x.com/BarryHunt008/status/1834979334638964757/photo/1)
@BarryHunt008 | 11:35 AM · Sep 14, 2024 {X}:
Life is short. Have fun. Make a difference. 😊❤️💪🇨🇦💜 Canada 🇨🇦chaircoalition.org/About-Us.htm {The Coalition for Community and Healthcare Acquired Infection Reduction (Canada)}
It turns out...
Mask mandates & precautions really did work
Graph, masks v % COVID-infected, Canada April 2020 - September 2024 (https://x.com/BarryHunt008/status/1834979334638964757/photo/1)
67margd
Schools cut covid-19 sick days by 20 per cent using HEPA air filters
Clare Wilson | 20 October 2023
Placing HEPA air filters into classrooms in the Bradford area of the UK reduced the number of covid-19-related absences among students by more than 20 per cent...
https://www.newscientist.com/article/2398713-schools-cut-covid-19-sick-days-by-2...
Clare Wilson | 20 October 2023
Placing HEPA air filters into classrooms in the Bradford area of the UK reduced the number of covid-19-related absences among students by more than 20 per cent...
https://www.newscientist.com/article/2398713-schools-cut-covid-19-sick-days-by-2...
68margd
Half of Americans never think they'll get COVID again
Ipsos | 17 September 2024
Half of Americans (49%) believe they'll never get COVID again, according to new polling from the Ipsos Consumer Tracker...
https://www.ipsos.com/en-us/half-americans-never-think-theyll-get-covid-again
Ipsos | 17 September 2024
Half of Americans (49%) believe they'll never get COVID again, according to new polling from the Ipsos Consumer Tracker...
https://www.ipsos.com/en-us/half-americans-never-think-theyll-get-covid-again
69margd
Covid-19 may lead to longest period of peacetime excess mortality
Swiss Re*| 16 Sep 2024
- Report suggests potential excess mortality in the general population of up to 3% for the US by 2033 and 2.5% in the UK, the longest period of elevated peacetime excess mortality in the US
- Key driver of excess mortality is the lingering impact of COVID-19; both as a direct cause of death, and as a contributor to cardiovascular mortality
- Reducing the impact of COVID-19 on elderly and vulnerable populations will be key to excess mortality returning to zero
Zurich, 16 September 2024 – Four years after the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic, many countries are still reporting elevated all-cause excess mortality compared with pre-pandemic levels. According to Swiss Re Institute's report The future of excess mortality after COVID-19, if the ongoing impact of the disease is not curtailed, excess mortality rates in the general population may remain up to 3% higher than pre-pandemic levels in the US and 2.5% in the UK by 2033...
https://www.swissre.com/press-release/Covid-19-may-lead-to-longest-period-of-pea...
* Swiss Re helps insurers and direct clients to shoulder risks through re/insurance and other solutions. Risk is our raw material.
__________________________________
ETA:
Jerome Adams {frmr Surgeon General} @JeromeAdamsMD | 8:08 AM · Sep 17, 2024 {X}:
“The US reported an average 1500 COVID-19 deaths a week for 2023 – comparable to fentanyl or firearm deaths.”
This wasn’t from health officials but insurance actuaries.🤯
... Implications for insurers:
Excess mortality in the general population is an important indicator for insurers, as shifts in the major causes of death may require a reassessment of additional risk in their mortality portfolios.
The current levels of excess mortality are of concern. Specific actions include adapting the underwriting philosophy, risk appetite, and mortality assumptions in pricing and reserving. Insurers can be proactive in targeting prevention programmes for policyholders, helping them in the joint effort to support longer, healthier lives.
... {report} mentions Covid prevention, and vaccinations and treatments for the vulnerable, as the biggest opportunities to improve outcomes -and lack thereof as the biggest mathematical risk for insurers
Swiss Re*| 16 Sep 2024
- Report suggests potential excess mortality in the general population of up to 3% for the US by 2033 and 2.5% in the UK, the longest period of elevated peacetime excess mortality in the US
- Key driver of excess mortality is the lingering impact of COVID-19; both as a direct cause of death, and as a contributor to cardiovascular mortality
- Reducing the impact of COVID-19 on elderly and vulnerable populations will be key to excess mortality returning to zero
Zurich, 16 September 2024 – Four years after the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic, many countries are still reporting elevated all-cause excess mortality compared with pre-pandemic levels. According to Swiss Re Institute's report The future of excess mortality after COVID-19, if the ongoing impact of the disease is not curtailed, excess mortality rates in the general population may remain up to 3% higher than pre-pandemic levels in the US and 2.5% in the UK by 2033...
https://www.swissre.com/press-release/Covid-19-may-lead-to-longest-period-of-pea...
* Swiss Re helps insurers and direct clients to shoulder risks through re/insurance and other solutions. Risk is our raw material.
__________________________________
ETA:
Jerome Adams {frmr Surgeon General} @JeromeAdamsMD | 8:08 AM · Sep 17, 2024 {X}:
“The US reported an average 1500 COVID-19 deaths a week for 2023 – comparable to fentanyl or firearm deaths.”
This wasn’t from health officials but insurance actuaries.🤯
... Implications for insurers:
Excess mortality in the general population is an important indicator for insurers, as shifts in the major causes of death may require a reassessment of additional risk in their mortality portfolios.
The current levels of excess mortality are of concern. Specific actions include adapting the underwriting philosophy, risk appetite, and mortality assumptions in pricing and reserving. Insurers can be proactive in targeting prevention programmes for policyholders, helping them in the joint effort to support longer, healthier lives.
... {report} mentions Covid prevention, and vaccinations and treatments for the vulnerable, as the biggest opportunities to improve outcomes -and lack thereof as the biggest mathematical risk for insurers
70margd
Kamil Fuławka et al. 2024. COVID-19 vaccine refusal is driven by deliberate ignorance and cognitive distortions. npj Vaccines volume 9, Article number: 167 (14 Sept 2024) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41541-024-00951-8. Open Access.
Abstract
... We examined the information inspection of 1200 U.S. participants with anti-vaccination, neutral, or pro-vaccination attitudes before they stated their willingness to accept eight different COVID-19 vaccines. All participants—particularly those who were anti-vaccination—frequently ignored some of the information. This deliberate ignorance, especially toward probabilities of extreme side effects, was a stronger predictor of vaccine refusal than typically investigated demographic variables. Computational modeling suggested that vaccine refusals among anti-vaccination participants were driven by ignoring even inspected information. In the neutral and pro-vaccination groups, vaccine refusal was driven by distorted processing of side effects and their probabilities. Our findings highlight the necessity for interventions tailored to individual information-processing tendencies.
...Discussion
...More generally, side-effect aversion occurred across all three groups {anti-vaccination, neutral, or pro-vaccination}. All groups valued possible risks higher than potential benefits... To avoid these strong reactions to side effects, authorities might be tempted not to disclose them or to disclose them selectively for fear of jeopardizing public vaccine acceptance. While such a policy may initially decrease vaccine hesitancy, it comes at a huge cost: Limited transparency undermines trust in health authorities and fosters the spread of conspiracy beliefs... How is it possible to provide full transparency without prompting disproportionate overweighting of side effects or partial ignorance? One option is interactive simulations (described above); another is targeting the strong negative emotions associated with side effects. A recent multi-country study found that cognitive reappraisal (i.e., changing how one thinks about a situation) is an effective strategy for reducing negative emotions in the context of COVID-1949. By extension, cognitive reappraisal may also be effective in reducing negative emotions about vaccines. For example, the ‘rethinking’ strategy included in ref. 49 study could involve putting vaccination side effects into a broader perspective by emphasizing that any side effects would be less severe than COVID-19 symptoms without vaccination, or that extreme adverse events such as blood clots are in fact much more likely after a COVID-19 infection than after a vaccination—and that even when they do occur, the chances for successful treatment are very high.
Abstract
... We examined the information inspection of 1200 U.S. participants with anti-vaccination, neutral, or pro-vaccination attitudes before they stated their willingness to accept eight different COVID-19 vaccines. All participants—particularly those who were anti-vaccination—frequently ignored some of the information. This deliberate ignorance, especially toward probabilities of extreme side effects, was a stronger predictor of vaccine refusal than typically investigated demographic variables. Computational modeling suggested that vaccine refusals among anti-vaccination participants were driven by ignoring even inspected information. In the neutral and pro-vaccination groups, vaccine refusal was driven by distorted processing of side effects and their probabilities. Our findings highlight the necessity for interventions tailored to individual information-processing tendencies.
...Discussion
...More generally, side-effect aversion occurred across all three groups {anti-vaccination, neutral, or pro-vaccination}. All groups valued possible risks higher than potential benefits... To avoid these strong reactions to side effects, authorities might be tempted not to disclose them or to disclose them selectively for fear of jeopardizing public vaccine acceptance. While such a policy may initially decrease vaccine hesitancy, it comes at a huge cost: Limited transparency undermines trust in health authorities and fosters the spread of conspiracy beliefs... How is it possible to provide full transparency without prompting disproportionate overweighting of side effects or partial ignorance? One option is interactive simulations (described above); another is targeting the strong negative emotions associated with side effects. A recent multi-country study found that cognitive reappraisal (i.e., changing how one thinks about a situation) is an effective strategy for reducing negative emotions in the context of COVID-1949. By extension, cognitive reappraisal may also be effective in reducing negative emotions about vaccines. For example, the ‘rethinking’ strategy included in ref. 49 study could involve putting vaccination side effects into a broader perspective by emphasizing that any side effects would be less severe than COVID-19 symptoms without vaccination, or that extreme adverse events such as blood clots are in fact much more likely after a COVID-19 infection than after a vaccination—and that even when they do occur, the chances for successful treatment are very high.
71margd
Emmanuel {France} @ejustin46 | 12:35 PM · Sep 20, 2024 {X}:
7 tweets • https://threadreaderapp.com/thread/1837168652971339886.html
Read on X https://x.com/ejustin46/status/1837168652971339886
EMERGENCE of some SARS-CoV-2 VARIANTS Are INDUCED by CO-INFECTIONS With DENGUE 😨😨😨
This could be one of the most significant ticking time bomb 💣💣💣
Hassan M Al-Emran et al. 2024. Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Variants Are Induced by Coinfections With Dengue. Bioinformatics and Biology Insights, 11 Sept 2024. https://doi.org/10.1177/11779322241272399 https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/11779322241272399
...
2) This study examined how co-infection with SARS-CoV-2 and dengue virus can impact the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 variants.
...
The key findings are:
- 2% of COVID-19 patients in the study area also had dengue virus infection. These co-infected patients showed more severe symptoms ..
...
3) ...like headaches and loss of smell/taste.
- Genetic analysis revealed the co-infected patients had significantly more mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 virus compared to those with COVID-19 alone.
...
4) - Mathematical modeling estimated that the emergence of the Delta variant required about 9-12 more mutations than earlier variants, while the Omicron variant accumulated about 19 more mutations than Delta.
...
5) - The increased mutations in co-infected cases suggest the compromised immune system allows the virus to adapt and evolve more easily. This could lead to the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants, especially when dengue and COVID-19 are circulating together.
...
6) - Ongoing monitoring of viral mutations and studying co-infection effects are important to anticipate and prepare for potential future SARS-CoV-2 variant outbreaks.
There are some limitations in this study as the potential underestimation of coinfection prevalence,
...
7) ...the small coinfection sample size and the limited clinical data.
Thanks for reading 🙏
---------------------------------------
Paul Maidowski @_ppmv: Same with coinfection in untreated or drug resistant HIV patients. Thanks, great study E!
Just opened several such coinfection articles but may not have time to summarize and share them this week. Thanks for the high volume of studies you share!
7 tweets • https://threadreaderapp.com/thread/1837168652971339886.html
Read on X https://x.com/ejustin46/status/1837168652971339886
EMERGENCE of some SARS-CoV-2 VARIANTS Are INDUCED by CO-INFECTIONS With DENGUE 😨😨😨
This could be one of the most significant ticking time bomb 💣💣💣
Hassan M Al-Emran et al. 2024. Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Variants Are Induced by Coinfections With Dengue. Bioinformatics and Biology Insights, 11 Sept 2024. https://doi.org/10.1177/11779322241272399 https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/11779322241272399
...
2) This study examined how co-infection with SARS-CoV-2 and dengue virus can impact the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 variants.
...
The key findings are:
- 2% of COVID-19 patients in the study area also had dengue virus infection. These co-infected patients showed more severe symptoms ..
...
3) ...like headaches and loss of smell/taste.
- Genetic analysis revealed the co-infected patients had significantly more mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 virus compared to those with COVID-19 alone.
...
4) - Mathematical modeling estimated that the emergence of the Delta variant required about 9-12 more mutations than earlier variants, while the Omicron variant accumulated about 19 more mutations than Delta.
...
5) - The increased mutations in co-infected cases suggest the compromised immune system allows the virus to adapt and evolve more easily. This could lead to the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants, especially when dengue and COVID-19 are circulating together.
...
6) - Ongoing monitoring of viral mutations and studying co-infection effects are important to anticipate and prepare for potential future SARS-CoV-2 variant outbreaks.
There are some limitations in this study as the potential underestimation of coinfection prevalence,
...
7) ...the small coinfection sample size and the limited clinical data.
Thanks for reading 🙏
---------------------------------------
Paul Maidowski @_ppmv: Same with coinfection in untreated or drug resistant HIV patients. Thanks, great study E!
Just opened several such coinfection articles but may not have time to summarize and share them this week. Thanks for the high volume of studies you share!
72margd
Michelle Monje and Akiko Iwasaki 2022. The neurobiology of long COVID (Perspective). Neuron, Volume 110, Issue 21, p 3484-3496, November 02, 2022. https://www.cell.com/neuron/fulltext/S0896-6273(22)00910-2 Open access
Harry Spoelstra (cardiac surgeon) @HarrySpoelstra | 5:17 AM · Sep 22, 2024 {X}:
https://threadreaderapp.com/thread/1837783275944767796.html
https://x.com/HarrySpoelstra/status/1837783275944767796
The neurobiology of long COVID
🔥Very interesting work from @VirusesImmunity et al. in which they review what is understood about the pathobiology of post-acute COVID-19 impact on the CNS and discuss possible neurobiological underpinnings of the cognitive symptoms affecting COVID-19 survivors. They furthermore propose the chief mechanisms that may contribute to this emerging NEUROLOGICAL HEALTH CRISIS!
➡️“Neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric impairments experienced by people with both acute and long COVID (neuro-COVID) have led to decline in quality of life and inability to return to previous levels of occupational function, affecting (at least) tens of millions of people.”
➡️“We highlight a number of possible underlying disease mechanisms that could contribute to CNS dysfunction, including neuroinflammatory effects of distal inflammation, autoimmunity, direct CNS infection, herpesvirus reactivation, neurovascular disease, and hypoxia.”
➡️“What accounts for the persistent nature of cognitive dysfunction in neuro-COVID remains to be fully elucidated.”
➡️“Continuing neuroinflammation could reflect a lasting state change in CNS immune and glial cells that perpetuates neural pathophysiology, ongoing endotheliopathy with microvascular disruption and blood-brain-barrier breakdown, autoimmunity, response to ongoing peripheral inflammation, attributable to latent herpesvirus reactivation, possible persistent reservoirs of SARS-CoV-2 infection outside of the nervous system, or persistent circulating viral-spike protein, or a combination of these possibilities.”
➡️“A deeper mechanistic understanding of the pathophysiology of long COVID in general and neuro-COVID in particular will be required to develop effective therapies to ease the suffering of millions of people affected by the often-debilitating long-term consequences of COVID-19.”
❗Instead of lockdown focus BS, media need to focus on this as cause of many interconnected society problems already visible today!
❗AND AGAIN.......AVOID SARSCOV2!!
Infographic (https://x.com/HarrySpoelstra/status/1837783275944767796/photo/1)
And don't forget.....this review is 2 y's old. With today's evolution, this study should be your reminder that we already knew, we already warned, but that many still won't listen! 😡
Harry Spoelstra (cardiac surgeon) @HarrySpoelstra | 5:17 AM · Sep 22, 2024 {X}:
https://threadreaderapp.com/thread/1837783275944767796.html
https://x.com/HarrySpoelstra/status/1837783275944767796
The neurobiology of long COVID
🔥Very interesting work from @VirusesImmunity et al. in which they review what is understood about the pathobiology of post-acute COVID-19 impact on the CNS and discuss possible neurobiological underpinnings of the cognitive symptoms affecting COVID-19 survivors. They furthermore propose the chief mechanisms that may contribute to this emerging NEUROLOGICAL HEALTH CRISIS!
➡️“Neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric impairments experienced by people with both acute and long COVID (neuro-COVID) have led to decline in quality of life and inability to return to previous levels of occupational function, affecting (at least) tens of millions of people.”
➡️“We highlight a number of possible underlying disease mechanisms that could contribute to CNS dysfunction, including neuroinflammatory effects of distal inflammation, autoimmunity, direct CNS infection, herpesvirus reactivation, neurovascular disease, and hypoxia.”
➡️“What accounts for the persistent nature of cognitive dysfunction in neuro-COVID remains to be fully elucidated.”
➡️“Continuing neuroinflammation could reflect a lasting state change in CNS immune and glial cells that perpetuates neural pathophysiology, ongoing endotheliopathy with microvascular disruption and blood-brain-barrier breakdown, autoimmunity, response to ongoing peripheral inflammation, attributable to latent herpesvirus reactivation, possible persistent reservoirs of SARS-CoV-2 infection outside of the nervous system, or persistent circulating viral-spike protein, or a combination of these possibilities.”
➡️“A deeper mechanistic understanding of the pathophysiology of long COVID in general and neuro-COVID in particular will be required to develop effective therapies to ease the suffering of millions of people affected by the often-debilitating long-term consequences of COVID-19.”
❗Instead of lockdown focus BS, media need to focus on this as cause of many interconnected society problems already visible today!
❗AND AGAIN.......AVOID SARSCOV2!!
Infographic (https://x.com/HarrySpoelstra/status/1837783275944767796/photo/1)
And don't forget.....this review is 2 y's old. With today's evolution, this study should be your reminder that we already knew, we already warned, but that many still won't listen! 😡
73margd
Volunteers were inoculated w original strain SARS-CoV2: w mild COVID disease that ensued, this allowed detection of mild changes in memory & cognition that can persist at least a year. "...for mild infected cases, any normalisation of the observed cognitive changes is at best gradual."
None of the volunteers reported subjective cognitive deficits.
No mention of followup studies being planned to determine how long changes persist or if cumulative with reinfection.
And society is letting COVID rip??? Among school children??? Current strains may not be as dangerous as the original to mental health -- subject to change -- but geez!!! Bad enough!
----------------------------------------
William Trendera et al. 2024. Changes in memory and cognition during the SARS-CoV-2 human challenge study. eClinicalMedicineVolume 76102842 October 2024. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/eclinm/article/PIIS2589-5370(24)00421-8/fullt... Open access
Summary
Background. Patient-reported outcomes and cross-sectional evidence show an association between COVID-19 and persistent cognitive problems. ...
Methods. Thirty-four young, healthy, seronegative volunteers were inoculated with Wildtype SARS-CoV-2 under prospectively controlled conditions...
Findings...Interpretation
These results support larger cross sectional findings indicating that mild Wildtype SARS-CoV-2 infection can be followed by small changes in cognition and memory that persist for at least a year. The mechanistic basis and clinical implications of these small changes remain unclear.
None of the volunteers reported subjective cognitive deficits.
No mention of followup studies being planned to determine how long changes persist or if cumulative with reinfection.
And society is letting COVID rip??? Among school children??? Current strains may not be as dangerous as the original to mental health -- subject to change -- but geez!!! Bad enough!
----------------------------------------
William Trendera et al. 2024. Changes in memory and cognition during the SARS-CoV-2 human challenge study. eClinicalMedicineVolume 76102842 October 2024. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/eclinm/article/PIIS2589-5370(24)00421-8/fullt... Open access
Summary
Background. Patient-reported outcomes and cross-sectional evidence show an association between COVID-19 and persistent cognitive problems. ...
Methods. Thirty-four young, healthy, seronegative volunteers were inoculated with Wildtype SARS-CoV-2 under prospectively controlled conditions...
Findings...Interpretation
These results support larger cross sectional findings indicating that mild Wildtype SARS-CoV-2 infection can be followed by small changes in cognition and memory that persist for at least a year. The mechanistic basis and clinical implications of these small changes remain unclear.
74margd
Moawiah M. Naffaa and Ola A. Al-Ewaidat 2024. Stroke risks in patients with COVID-19: multiple mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2, impact of sex and age, vaccination, and long-term infection (Review). Discover Medicine, 20 September 2024. Volume 1, article number 51. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44337-024-00059-x
Open access
ABSTRACT
The COVID-19 pandemic has presented unprecedented challenges to the healthcare system, encompassing a spectrum of clinical presentations from asymptomatic cases to severe manifestations such as acute respiratory distress and multi-organ failure. A particular focus has emerged on the notable increase in ischemic strokes affecting both adults and pediatric populations. The virus's impact on the cardiovascular, hematologic, and immunologic systems contributes to the occurrence of ischemic cardiovascular events. Notably, individuals with COVID-19 have a significantly higher likelihood of experiencing strokes compared to those without the virus. This article explores the correlation between COVID-19 and strokes, underscoring the importance of understanding risk factors, multiple mechanisms, effects on pediatric populations, vaccination implications, and long-term consequences...
...5 Ischemic strokes associated with COVID‑19 in pediatric
...Despite lower exposure risks and less frequent screenings compared to adults, the prevalence of COVID-19 infection in children mirrors that seen in the adult population. While pediatric infections are often asymptomatic or present with milder clinical courses, children can still exhibit symptoms similar to those seen in adults, encompassing respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, hematologic, and neurologic manifestations ... Of particular note is the emerging association between COVID-19 and an increased propensity for ischemic strokes among neurological
symptoms .
Unlike ischemic strokes in adults, which have been shown to result from various pathophysiological mechanisms (Fig. 1), ischemic strokes in pediatric COVID-19 cases often manifest as either AIS {arterial ischemic strokes} or CSVT {cerebral sinovenous thrombosis}. A cross-sectional analysis revealed that SARS-CoV-2 infection was most commonly associated with cases diagnosed as AIS among pediatric patients
with ischemic strokes .... Additionally, a review indicated a significant proportion of childhood AIS cases occurring concurrently with CSVT, and the incidence of childhood CSVT exceeded that of neonatal AIS cases...
Recent data challenges the traditional notion that the highest risk of ischemic stroke occurs within the first week of life...120, 121. Instead, the prevalence of ischemic strokes in children with COVID-19 remains consistent across all age groups. This shift suggests a deviation from the typical early-life risk factors, with recorded ischemic strokes in older children highlighting a unique pattern of stroke occurrence associated with COVID-19 compared to the usual risk factors present
within the first week of life. Furthermore, neonates infected with COVID-19 might exhibit mild or no clinical symptoms despite experiencing ischemic strokes, potentially leading to underreporting and reduced detection...
Several recognized risk factors contribute to the onset of AIS in pediatric patients, including congenital heart defects, infections, cancer, autoimmune disorders, genetic anomalies, and conditions that promote thrombosis ... Multiple studies have identified specific risk factors associated with ischemic stroke in pediatric COVID-19 patients, such as structural cardiovascular anomalies..., anemia..., hemoglobinopathies, prior varicella infection ..., hematologic malignancies ..., and systemic and central nervous system bacterial and tuberculous infections ...
Major cardiac issues were predominantly observed in pediatric patients experiencing Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C), often presenting with signs of cardiogenic shock. Echocardiographic evaluations revealed markers of cardiac dysfunction and the presence of intracardiac thrombi (cardioembolism) in these individuals ... This underscores that COVID-19-related cardiac complications can serve as a potential pathway for arterial ischemic events in this pediatric cohort.
Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain cardiac injury in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection, including myocardial cell damage caused by elevated cytokine levels during systemic inflammation, direct viral-induced myocardial damage (viral myocarditis), and other factors such as abnormal heart rhythms resulting from electrolyte imbalances during the critical stage of the illness. Additionally, treatments involving drugs such as antivirals, immunotherapies, and steroids may also contribute to cardiac complications...
Further research specifically focused on pediatric populations susceptible to stroke related to SARS-CoV-2 infection is necessary, incorporating both clinical investigations and laboratory experiments. This research is essential to understand the critical clinical parameters and outcomes, as well as the molecular and cellular mechanisms contributing to stroke
occurrence in pediatric patients with COVID-19. Uncovering these details is crucial for enhancing early stroke diagnosis, preventing its occurrence, and developing effective management strategies.
Open access
ABSTRACT
The COVID-19 pandemic has presented unprecedented challenges to the healthcare system, encompassing a spectrum of clinical presentations from asymptomatic cases to severe manifestations such as acute respiratory distress and multi-organ failure. A particular focus has emerged on the notable increase in ischemic strokes affecting both adults and pediatric populations. The virus's impact on the cardiovascular, hematologic, and immunologic systems contributes to the occurrence of ischemic cardiovascular events. Notably, individuals with COVID-19 have a significantly higher likelihood of experiencing strokes compared to those without the virus. This article explores the correlation between COVID-19 and strokes, underscoring the importance of understanding risk factors, multiple mechanisms, effects on pediatric populations, vaccination implications, and long-term consequences...
...5 Ischemic strokes associated with COVID‑19 in pediatric
...Despite lower exposure risks and less frequent screenings compared to adults, the prevalence of COVID-19 infection in children mirrors that seen in the adult population. While pediatric infections are often asymptomatic or present with milder clinical courses, children can still exhibit symptoms similar to those seen in adults, encompassing respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, hematologic, and neurologic manifestations ... Of particular note is the emerging association between COVID-19 and an increased propensity for ischemic strokes among neurological
symptoms .
Unlike ischemic strokes in adults, which have been shown to result from various pathophysiological mechanisms (Fig. 1), ischemic strokes in pediatric COVID-19 cases often manifest as either AIS {arterial ischemic strokes} or CSVT {cerebral sinovenous thrombosis}. A cross-sectional analysis revealed that SARS-CoV-2 infection was most commonly associated with cases diagnosed as AIS among pediatric patients
with ischemic strokes .... Additionally, a review indicated a significant proportion of childhood AIS cases occurring concurrently with CSVT, and the incidence of childhood CSVT exceeded that of neonatal AIS cases...
Recent data challenges the traditional notion that the highest risk of ischemic stroke occurs within the first week of life...120, 121. Instead, the prevalence of ischemic strokes in children with COVID-19 remains consistent across all age groups. This shift suggests a deviation from the typical early-life risk factors, with recorded ischemic strokes in older children highlighting a unique pattern of stroke occurrence associated with COVID-19 compared to the usual risk factors present
within the first week of life. Furthermore, neonates infected with COVID-19 might exhibit mild or no clinical symptoms despite experiencing ischemic strokes, potentially leading to underreporting and reduced detection...
Several recognized risk factors contribute to the onset of AIS in pediatric patients, including congenital heart defects, infections, cancer, autoimmune disorders, genetic anomalies, and conditions that promote thrombosis ... Multiple studies have identified specific risk factors associated with ischemic stroke in pediatric COVID-19 patients, such as structural cardiovascular anomalies..., anemia..., hemoglobinopathies, prior varicella infection ..., hematologic malignancies ..., and systemic and central nervous system bacterial and tuberculous infections ...
Major cardiac issues were predominantly observed in pediatric patients experiencing Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C), often presenting with signs of cardiogenic shock. Echocardiographic evaluations revealed markers of cardiac dysfunction and the presence of intracardiac thrombi (cardioembolism) in these individuals ... This underscores that COVID-19-related cardiac complications can serve as a potential pathway for arterial ischemic events in this pediatric cohort.
Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain cardiac injury in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection, including myocardial cell damage caused by elevated cytokine levels during systemic inflammation, direct viral-induced myocardial damage (viral myocarditis), and other factors such as abnormal heart rhythms resulting from electrolyte imbalances during the critical stage of the illness. Additionally, treatments involving drugs such as antivirals, immunotherapies, and steroids may also contribute to cardiac complications...
Further research specifically focused on pediatric populations susceptible to stroke related to SARS-CoV-2 infection is necessary, incorporating both clinical investigations and laboratory experiments. This research is essential to understand the critical clinical parameters and outcomes, as well as the molecular and cellular mechanisms contributing to stroke
occurrence in pediatric patients with COVID-19. Uncovering these details is crucial for enhancing early stroke diagnosis, preventing its occurrence, and developing effective management strategies.
75margd
twice as much Long COVID with reinfection
Letícia Soares et al. 2024. Long COVID and associated outcomes following COVID-19 reinfections: Insights from an International Patient-Led Survey. Nature Portfolio, under review. V1. 24 Sep, 2024. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4909082/v1 https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-4909082/v1 PREPRINT
ABSTRACT
...Results: Here we show that reinfections increase the likelihood of reporting Long COVID, which increased 2.1-fold from one to two infections... reinfections were associated with increased likelihood of severe fatigue, post-exertional malaise, decreased physical function, poorer immune health, symptom exacerbation before menstruation, and multiple other Long COVID symptoms. While vaccinations and boosters prior to infection are associated with lower likelihood of Long COVID, reinfections diminish their protective effect. The probability of reporting Long COVID remission is generally low (11.5%-6.5%).
Conclusions: COVID-19 reinfections are associated with higher likelihood of Long COVID and related outcomes. These findings underscore the need for robust public health measures for COVID-19 infection prevention and the importance of considering reinfections in Long COVID research and clinical practice.
Letícia Soares et al. 2024. Long COVID and associated outcomes following COVID-19 reinfections: Insights from an International Patient-Led Survey. Nature Portfolio, under review. V1. 24 Sep, 2024. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4909082/v1 https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-4909082/v1 PREPRINT
ABSTRACT
...Results: Here we show that reinfections increase the likelihood of reporting Long COVID, which increased 2.1-fold from one to two infections... reinfections were associated with increased likelihood of severe fatigue, post-exertional malaise, decreased physical function, poorer immune health, symptom exacerbation before menstruation, and multiple other Long COVID symptoms. While vaccinations and boosters prior to infection are associated with lower likelihood of Long COVID, reinfections diminish their protective effect. The probability of reporting Long COVID remission is generally low (11.5%-6.5%).
Conclusions: COVID-19 reinfections are associated with higher likelihood of Long COVID and related outcomes. These findings underscore the need for robust public health measures for COVID-19 infection prevention and the importance of considering reinfections in Long COVID research and clinical practice.
76margd
effects of interventions to prevent PCC (Post COVID-19 condition) ... probiotics?
Jennifer Pillay et al. 2024. Preventive interventions for post Covid-19 condition: systematic review update. MedRxiv September 23, 2024. https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.18.24313918v1 https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.18.24313918v1.full.pdf
Abstract
Methods: updated our previous peer-reviewed searches on February 9, 2024...on any intervention provided during the acute (symptom onset to 4 weeks) or post-acute phase (4-8 weeks) of COVID-19 and our primary outcome of incidence of PCC {Post COVID-19 condition}, ascertained at 3 months or longer following infection and capturing, at a minimum, symptoms of fatigue, dyspnea {shortness of breath} and one or more aspects of cognitive function. Non-recovery from COVID-19 was included if necessary. Secondary outcomes included fatigue, breathlessness/dyspnea, post-exertional malaise, health-related quality of life, psychopathology, cognitive impairment, hospitalization, return to work/education, and adverse effects of the intervention.
... Conclusions: Evidence suggests that PCC can be prevented to some extent among outpatients with the use of probiotics and metformin during the acute phase of COVID-19. Effects from interventions used among in-patients and within the post-acute phase are uncertain at this time. Evidence on commonly recommended interventions including rehabilitation or multidisciplinary care was lacking.
...DISCUSSION
From this update to our previous systematic review on interventions to prevent PCC, there is no longer very low certainty across all interventions. For preventing PCC, convalescent plasma used for patients
receiving outpatient acute-COVID-19 care probably does not reduce the risk of PCC. Low certainty evidence was found that probiotics and metformin may reduce, and ivermectin and antivirals may not reduce PCC among outpatients, and steroids and therapeutic heparin may not reduce PCC among inpatients. All certainty ratings are based on conclusions of small effects (25% or less risk reduction). For
outpatient antiviral treatment, though overall PCC may not be reduced findings suggested a small reduction in psychopathology. Likewise, for inpatient use of antivirals where there may be at most a very small benefit for PCC there may be a small reduction in moderate-to-severe prolonged general malaise following even light exertion. Therapeutic-dose versus prophylactic-dose heparin may reduce to a small extent the risk of cognitive impairment. All examined medications were initiated during the acute phase of infection, and there was still very low certainty for several treatments such as monoclonal antibodies, anti-inflammatory agents, zinc, and outpatient assessment and referral.
Jennifer Pillay et al. 2024. Preventive interventions for post Covid-19 condition: systematic review update. MedRxiv September 23, 2024. https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.18.24313918v1 https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.18.24313918v1.full.pdf
Abstract
Methods: updated our previous peer-reviewed searches on February 9, 2024...on any intervention provided during the acute (symptom onset to 4 weeks) or post-acute phase (4-8 weeks) of COVID-19 and our primary outcome of incidence of PCC {Post COVID-19 condition}, ascertained at 3 months or longer following infection and capturing, at a minimum, symptoms of fatigue, dyspnea {shortness of breath} and one or more aspects of cognitive function. Non-recovery from COVID-19 was included if necessary. Secondary outcomes included fatigue, breathlessness/dyspnea, post-exertional malaise, health-related quality of life, psychopathology, cognitive impairment, hospitalization, return to work/education, and adverse effects of the intervention.
... Conclusions: Evidence suggests that PCC can be prevented to some extent among outpatients with the use of probiotics and metformin during the acute phase of COVID-19. Effects from interventions used among in-patients and within the post-acute phase are uncertain at this time. Evidence on commonly recommended interventions including rehabilitation or multidisciplinary care was lacking.
...DISCUSSION
From this update to our previous systematic review on interventions to prevent PCC, there is no longer very low certainty across all interventions. For preventing PCC, convalescent plasma used for patients
receiving outpatient acute-COVID-19 care probably does not reduce the risk of PCC. Low certainty evidence was found that probiotics and metformin may reduce, and ivermectin and antivirals may not reduce PCC among outpatients, and steroids and therapeutic heparin may not reduce PCC among inpatients. All certainty ratings are based on conclusions of small effects (25% or less risk reduction). For
outpatient antiviral treatment, though overall PCC may not be reduced findings suggested a small reduction in psychopathology. Likewise, for inpatient use of antivirals where there may be at most a very small benefit for PCC there may be a small reduction in moderate-to-severe prolonged general malaise following even light exertion. Therapeutic-dose versus prophylactic-dose heparin may reduce to a small extent the risk of cognitive impairment. All examined medications were initiated during the acute phase of infection, and there was still very low certainty for several treatments such as monoclonal antibodies, anti-inflammatory agents, zinc, and outpatient assessment and referral.
77margd
Global Surge in Nearsightedness Linked to Covid-19, Study Finds
Ed Cara | September 25, 2024
A new review reveals that one in three kids now has myopia, with various factors contributing to the rise ... increase seems to have been further fueled by the effects of the covid-19 pandemic on people’s indoor time.
...Myopia, especially if not properly treated with corrective treatment like prescription eyeglasses, can make it harder for kids to learn in school, drive a car, or complete other daily tasks. People with severe myopia are also known to have a higher risk of developing other eyesight-related issues, including retinal detachment, cataracts, and glaucoma.
... family history ... One hypothesis is that school learning often forces kids to constantly focus on close up objects (such as when reading), which then weakens their ability to see things from far away. But some studies have also suggested that children’s reduced exposure to natural daylight caused by indoor schooling is a more important factor ...
https://gizmodo.com/global-surge-in-nearsightedness-linked-to-covid-19-study-fin...
------------------------------------------
Jinghong Liang et al. 2024. Global prevalence, trend and projection of myopia in children and adolescents from 1990 to 2050: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Opthalmology. Published Online First: 24 September 2024. doi: 10.1136/bjo-2024-325427 https://bjo.bmj.com/content/early/2024/08/14/bjo-2024-325427.info Free access
CONCLUSION
This comprehensive meta-analysis demonstrates a persistent
upward trend in the global prevalence of myopia, currently esti-
mated at 30.47%. Moreover, it predicts that by the year 2050,
approximately 740 million children and adolescents world-
wide will be affected by this condition. This finding highlights
the significant variation in myopia prevalence across different
regions, emphasising the influence of gender, ethnic and cultural
factors. It is crucial to recognise that myopia may become
a global health burden in the future. To address this growing
epidemic, further research with a more region-specific approach
is required to develop effective strategies at the local level.
Ed Cara | September 25, 2024
A new review reveals that one in three kids now has myopia, with various factors contributing to the rise ... increase seems to have been further fueled by the effects of the covid-19 pandemic on people’s indoor time.
...Myopia, especially if not properly treated with corrective treatment like prescription eyeglasses, can make it harder for kids to learn in school, drive a car, or complete other daily tasks. People with severe myopia are also known to have a higher risk of developing other eyesight-related issues, including retinal detachment, cataracts, and glaucoma.
... family history ... One hypothesis is that school learning often forces kids to constantly focus on close up objects (such as when reading), which then weakens their ability to see things from far away. But some studies have also suggested that children’s reduced exposure to natural daylight caused by indoor schooling is a more important factor ...
https://gizmodo.com/global-surge-in-nearsightedness-linked-to-covid-19-study-fin...
------------------------------------------
Jinghong Liang et al. 2024. Global prevalence, trend and projection of myopia in children and adolescents from 1990 to 2050: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Opthalmology. Published Online First: 24 September 2024. doi: 10.1136/bjo-2024-325427 https://bjo.bmj.com/content/early/2024/08/14/bjo-2024-325427.info Free access
CONCLUSION
This comprehensive meta-analysis demonstrates a persistent
upward trend in the global prevalence of myopia, currently esti-
mated at 30.47%. Moreover, it predicts that by the year 2050,
approximately 740 million children and adolescents world-
wide will be affected by this condition. This finding highlights
the significant variation in myopia prevalence across different
regions, emphasising the influence of gender, ethnic and cultural
factors. It is crucial to recognise that myopia may become
a global health burden in the future. To address this growing
epidemic, further research with a more region-specific approach
is required to develop effective strategies at the local level.
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Benoît Manfro et al. 2024. Preschool-age children maintain a distinct memory CD4+ T cell and memory B cell response after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Science Translational Medicine. 18 Sep 2024
Vol 16, Issue 765. DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adl1997 https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/scitranslmed.adl1997
Editor’s summary
The immune system continues to develop throughout childhood, and it is established that children have distinct immune responses to vaccines and infections as compared with adults. Here, Manfroi et al. characterized the immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in children. The authors found that preschool-age children had a different adaptive immune response, with a lower frequency of antiviral CD4+ T cells, compared with older children and adults; this younger cohort also developed phenotypically distinct memory T and B cell responses after recovery compared with the other cohorts. This study highlights that responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection in young children are unique and reflect the ongoing maturation of the immune system into adulthood. —Courtney Malo
Vol 16, Issue 765. DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adl1997 https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/scitranslmed.adl1997
Editor’s summary
The immune system continues to develop throughout childhood, and it is established that children have distinct immune responses to vaccines and infections as compared with adults. Here, Manfroi et al. characterized the immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in children. The authors found that preschool-age children had a different adaptive immune response, with a lower frequency of antiviral CD4+ T cells, compared with older children and adults; this younger cohort also developed phenotypically distinct memory T and B cell responses after recovery compared with the other cohorts. This study highlights that responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection in young children are unique and reflect the ongoing maturation of the immune system into adulthood. —Courtney Malo
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Emmanuel {France} @ejustin46 | 8:22 AM · Sep 26, 2024 {X}:
ALTERATIONS in the PLASMA PROTEOME (proteins in the blood) PERSIST TEN MONTHS after RECOVERY from MILD to MODERATE SARS-CoV-2 INFECTION !
Julio A. Huapaya et al. 2024. Alterations in the plasma proteome persist ten months after recovery from mild to moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection. Front. Immunol., 10 September 2024. Sec. Viral Immunology,
Volume 15 - 2024 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1448780 https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1448...
2) This study examined how the plasma proteome (proteins in the blood) changes in vaccinated and unvaccinated SARS-CoV-2 patients over 10 months.
During acute infection, unvaccinated patients showed strong inflammatory and immune responses while ...
3) ...vaccinated patients had adaptive immune responses with less inflammation.
Even months later, unvaccinated patients still had some ongoing inflammation and immune activation, while both groups had reduced levels of proteins involved in normal cell functions and signaling.
4) The researchers also found that factors beyond just vaccination, like age and disease severity, influenced the protein patterns in patients' blood.
ALTERATIONS in the PLASMA PROTEOME (proteins in the blood) PERSIST TEN MONTHS after RECOVERY from MILD to MODERATE SARS-CoV-2 INFECTION !
Julio A. Huapaya et al. 2024. Alterations in the plasma proteome persist ten months after recovery from mild to moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection. Front. Immunol., 10 September 2024. Sec. Viral Immunology,
Volume 15 - 2024 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1448780 https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1448...
2) This study examined how the plasma proteome (proteins in the blood) changes in vaccinated and unvaccinated SARS-CoV-2 patients over 10 months.
During acute infection, unvaccinated patients showed strong inflammatory and immune responses while ...
3) ...vaccinated patients had adaptive immune responses with less inflammation.
Even months later, unvaccinated patients still had some ongoing inflammation and immune activation, while both groups had reduced levels of proteins involved in normal cell functions and signaling.
4) The researchers also found that factors beyond just vaccination, like age and disease severity, influenced the protein patterns in patients' blood.
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U.S.
🧪FREE TEST ORDER FORMS OPEN—At last the U.S. government again is offering free rapid COVID tests for all U.S. Households—place an order through the USPS form below. Expiration dates extended by FDA. Orders will ship, starting September 30, 2024
https://special.usps.com/testkits
- Eric Feigl-Ding @DrEricDing | 8:10 AM · Sep 26, 2024
🧪FREE TEST ORDER FORMS OPEN—At last the U.S. government again is offering free rapid COVID tests for all U.S. Households—place an order through the USPS form below. Expiration dates extended by FDA. Orders will ship, starting September 30, 2024
https://special.usps.com/testkits
- Eric Feigl-Ding @DrEricDing | 8:10 AM · Sep 26, 2024
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Havers FP, Whitaker M, Chatwani B, et al. COVID-19–Associated Hospitalizations and Maternal Vaccination Among Infants Aged less than 6 Months — COVID-NET, 12 States, October 2022–April 2024. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2024;73:830–836. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7338a1 https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/73/wr/mm7338a1.htm
Summary
...COVID-19–associated hospitalization rates among infants aged less than 6 months remain higher than those among any other age group except adults aged 75 years or older and were comparable to hospitalization rates in adults aged 65–74 years. Among approximately 1,000 hospitalized infants with COVID-19, 22% were admitted to an intensive care unit, and nine died while hospitalized. The percentage of hospitalized infants whose mothers had been vaccinated during pregnancy was 18% during October 2022–September 2023 and decreased to less than 5% during October 2023–April 2024...
Summary
...COVID-19–associated hospitalization rates among infants aged less than 6 months remain higher than those among any other age group except adults aged 75 years or older and were comparable to hospitalization rates in adults aged 65–74 years. Among approximately 1,000 hospitalized infants with COVID-19, 22% were admitted to an intensive care unit, and nine died while hospitalized. The percentage of hospitalized infants whose mothers had been vaccinated during pregnancy was 18% during October 2022–September 2023 and decreased to less than 5% during October 2023–April 2024...
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Long COVID Rates in Kids Revised Upward: What to Know
Sara Novak | October 02, 2024
... 20% of kids (ages 6-11) and 14% of teens met researchers' threshold for long COVID ... in line with the percentage of adults diagnosed with long COVID...
https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/long-covid-rates-kids-revised-upward-what-k...
--------------------------------------------
Rachel S. Gross et al. 2024. Characterizing Long COVID in Children and Adolescents. JAMA. Published online August 21, 2024. doi:10.1001/jama.2024.12747 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2822770
Abstract
...Results ... The index emphasizes neurocognitive, pain, and gastrointestinal symptoms in school-age children but change or loss in smell or taste, pain, and fatigue/malaise–related symptoms in adolescents. Clustering analyses identified 4 PASC symptom phenotypes in school-age children and 3 in adolescents.
Conclusions and Relevance This study developed research indices for characterizing PASC in children and adolescents. Symptom patterns were similar but distinguishable between the 2 groups, highlighting the importance of characterizing PASC separately for these age ranges.
Sara Novak | October 02, 2024
... 20% of kids (ages 6-11) and 14% of teens met researchers' threshold for long COVID ... in line with the percentage of adults diagnosed with long COVID...
https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/long-covid-rates-kids-revised-upward-what-k...
--------------------------------------------
Rachel S. Gross et al. 2024. Characterizing Long COVID in Children and Adolescents. JAMA. Published online August 21, 2024. doi:10.1001/jama.2024.12747 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2822770
Abstract
...Results ... The index emphasizes neurocognitive, pain, and gastrointestinal symptoms in school-age children but change or loss in smell or taste, pain, and fatigue/malaise–related symptoms in adolescents. Clustering analyses identified 4 PASC symptom phenotypes in school-age children and 3 in adolescents.
Conclusions and Relevance This study developed research indices for characterizing PASC in children and adolescents. Symptom patterns were similar but distinguishable between the 2 groups, highlighting the importance of characterizing PASC separately for these age ranges.
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Number of people in UK out of work due to ill health growing by 300,000 a year
Phillip Inman | Thu 3 Oct 2024
Data dashes hopes that effects of pandemic would subside and labour market would return to pre-Covid state...
https://www.theguardian.com/society/2024/oct/03/number-of-people-in-uk-out-of-wo...
Phillip Inman | Thu 3 Oct 2024
Data dashes hopes that effects of pandemic would subside and labour market would return to pre-Covid state...
https://www.theguardian.com/society/2024/oct/03/number-of-people-in-uk-out-of-wo...
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Has Everyone Forgotten About COVID? (24:37)
The Agenda with Steve Paikin | October 1, 2024
... Isaac Bogoch, an infectious diseases specialist at the Toronto General Hospital;
Dawn Bowdish, executive director at the Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health and professor of medicine at McMaster University; and
Kwame McKenzie CEO, Wellesley Institute and director of health equity at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) ...
https://www.tvo.org/video/has-everyone-forgotten-about-covid
---------------------------------------
Excerpt (1:38), Kwame McKenzie on LC risk (https://x.com/PrognosticChats/status/1841615649153437718)
The Agenda with Steve Paikin | October 1, 2024
... Isaac Bogoch, an infectious diseases specialist at the Toronto General Hospital;
Dawn Bowdish, executive director at the Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health and professor of medicine at McMaster University; and
Kwame McKenzie CEO, Wellesley Institute and director of health equity at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) ...
https://www.tvo.org/video/has-everyone-forgotten-about-covid
---------------------------------------
Excerpt (1:38), Kwame McKenzie on LC risk (https://x.com/PrognosticChats/status/1841615649153437718)
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Now published, Nguyen et al. was mentioned as preprint in post #93 in previous thread #33.
Long-lived plasma cells fail to establish after COVID mRNA vaccination, limiting long-term antibody response
Pooja Toshniwal Paharia | Oct 2 2024
Researchers discover that COVID-19 mRNA vaccines do not generate long-lasting plasma cells in the bone marrow, shedding light on why antibody immunity wanes quickly, and highlighting the urgent need for improved vaccine strategies...
https://www.news-medical.net/news/20241002/Long-lived-plasma-cells-fail-to-estab...
-----------------------------------------
Nguyen, D. C., et al. 2024. SARS-CoV-2-specific plasma cells are not durably established in the bone marrow long-lived compartment after mRNA vaccination. Nature Medicine, 1-10.DOI: 10.1038/s41591-024-03278-y, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-024-03278-y
Long-lived plasma cells fail to establish after COVID mRNA vaccination, limiting long-term antibody response
Pooja Toshniwal Paharia | Oct 2 2024
Researchers discover that COVID-19 mRNA vaccines do not generate long-lasting plasma cells in the bone marrow, shedding light on why antibody immunity wanes quickly, and highlighting the urgent need for improved vaccine strategies...
https://www.news-medical.net/news/20241002/Long-lived-plasma-cells-fail-to-estab...
-----------------------------------------
Nguyen, D. C., et al. 2024. SARS-CoV-2-specific plasma cells are not durably established in the bone marrow long-lived compartment after mRNA vaccination. Nature Medicine, 1-10.DOI: 10.1038/s41591-024-03278-y, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-024-03278-y
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Daniel Park @Daniel_E_Park | 11:21 PM · Oct 4, 2024 {X}:
PhD, MSPH. Epidemiologist at GW {George Washington}. Global health, vaccines, microbiomics, and antibiotic stewardship.
RCT comparing Pfizer, Moderna, and Novavax boosters following AZ {Astrazeneca} priming.
All vaccines safe and effective. mRNA have faster and higher antibody responses, but also wane faster. mRNA also slightly more reactogenic.
----------------------------------------
C. McLeod et al. 2024. The Platform Trial In COVID-19 Priming and BOOsting (PICOBOO): the immunogenicity, reactogenicity, and safety of different COVID-19 vaccinations administered as a second booster (fourth dose) in AZD1222 primed individuals aged 50-70 years old. Infectious Disease Practice. September 26, 2024. Open access
Highlights
• These are the first phase four randomised trial data of the immunogenicity, reactogenicity and safety of second booster (fourth doses) of mRNA and protein subunit COVID-19 vaccines in adults previously primed with two doses of AZD1222 {Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID‑19 vaccine}.
• BNT162b2 {Pfizer}, mRNA-1273 {Moderna} and NVX-CoV2372 {Novavax} were well tolerated and boosted humoral immune responses until Day 84.
• Higher binding and neutralising antibodies against Ancestral SARS-CoV-2 were observed following boosting with mRNA vaccines (BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273) compared to NVX-CoV2372 at all time points.
• Lower neutralising antibody responses were observed against Omicron subvariants BA.5 and XBB.1.5 following all vaccines until Day 84 highlighting the need for boosting with vaccines with greater specificity for Omicron subvariants.
ABSTRACT
...Results ... Mar 2022-Aug 2023 ... IgG {immunoglobulin g} against Omicron BA.5 was 2.7–2.9 times lower than the ancestral strain. Limited neutralisation against Omicron subvariants was found following all vaccines. Severe reactogenicity events were less than
PhD, MSPH. Epidemiologist at GW {George Washington}. Global health, vaccines, microbiomics, and antibiotic stewardship.
RCT comparing Pfizer, Moderna, and Novavax boosters following AZ {Astrazeneca} priming.
All vaccines safe and effective. mRNA have faster and higher antibody responses, but also wane faster. mRNA also slightly more reactogenic.
----------------------------------------
C. McLeod et al. 2024. The Platform Trial In COVID-19 Priming and BOOsting (PICOBOO): the immunogenicity, reactogenicity, and safety of different COVID-19 vaccinations administered as a second booster (fourth dose) in AZD1222 primed individuals aged 50-70 years old. Infectious Disease Practice. September 26, 2024. Open access
Highlights
• These are the first phase four randomised trial data of the immunogenicity, reactogenicity and safety of second booster (fourth doses) of mRNA and protein subunit COVID-19 vaccines in adults previously primed with two doses of AZD1222 {Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID‑19 vaccine}.
• BNT162b2 {Pfizer}, mRNA-1273 {Moderna} and NVX-CoV2372 {Novavax} were well tolerated and boosted humoral immune responses until Day 84.
• Higher binding and neutralising antibodies against Ancestral SARS-CoV-2 were observed following boosting with mRNA vaccines (BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273) compared to NVX-CoV2372 at all time points.
• Lower neutralising antibody responses were observed against Omicron subvariants BA.5 and XBB.1.5 following all vaccines until Day 84 highlighting the need for boosting with vaccines with greater specificity for Omicron subvariants.
ABSTRACT
...Results ... Mar 2022-Aug 2023 ... IgG {immunoglobulin g} against Omicron BA.5 was 2.7–2.9 times lower than the ancestral strain. Limited neutralisation against Omicron subvariants was found following all vaccines. Severe reactogenicity events were less than
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Mike Hoerger, PhD MSCR MBA @michael_hoerger | 12:48 AM · Oct 7, 2024:
Director of the top public U.S. #COVID forecasting dashboard (PMC).
#HealthPsych PhD Program Director, #CovidCancer scientist, over 100 science publications. {NOLA}
https://x.com/michael_hoerger/status/1843151490044530984
https://threadreaderapp.com/thread/1843151490044530984.html
PMC COVID-19 Forecasting Model, Oct 7, 2024
🧵 1/4
540,000 daily infections during the "lull" between the 9th & 10th U.S. Covid waves.
🔹1.1% (1 in 88) actively infectious
🔹19 million anticipated infections the next month
🔹Higher transmission than half the pandemic
https://x.com/michael_hoerger/status/1843151490044530984/photo/1
PMC COVID-19 Forecasting Model, Oct 7, 2024
🧵 2/4
Year-over-year, we have seen the steepest drop in transmission all-time on the back end of a summer/fall wave.
Similar transmission the next month, a very high lull.
Expect transmission to accelerate in mid-Nov.
https://x.com/michael_hoerger/status/1843152545449181189/photo/1
PMC COVID-19 Forecasting Model, Oct 7, 2024
🧵 3/4
Relative to the Northeast, transmission is 2x higher in the Midwest/South & 2.5x higher in the West region.
However, the CDC regions mask extreme variation within region. The 7 highest-transmission states are far north.
https://x.com/michael_hoerger/status/1843154509205283018/photo/1
PMC COVID-19 Forecasting Model, Oct 7, 2024
🧵 4/4
Find the complete forecasting report, hundreds of pages of historical reports, and a technical manual documenting methodology and validity at the dashboard website.
http://pmc19.com/data
https://x.com/michael_hoerger/status/1843155020671238403/photo/1
Director of the top public U.S. #COVID forecasting dashboard (PMC).
#HealthPsych PhD Program Director, #CovidCancer scientist, over 100 science publications. {NOLA}
https://x.com/michael_hoerger/status/1843151490044530984
https://threadreaderapp.com/thread/1843151490044530984.html
PMC COVID-19 Forecasting Model, Oct 7, 2024
🧵 1/4
540,000 daily infections during the "lull" between the 9th & 10th U.S. Covid waves.
🔹1.1% (1 in 88) actively infectious
🔹19 million anticipated infections the next month
🔹Higher transmission than half the pandemic
https://x.com/michael_hoerger/status/1843151490044530984/photo/1
PMC COVID-19 Forecasting Model, Oct 7, 2024
🧵 2/4
Year-over-year, we have seen the steepest drop in transmission all-time on the back end of a summer/fall wave.
Similar transmission the next month, a very high lull.
Expect transmission to accelerate in mid-Nov.
https://x.com/michael_hoerger/status/1843152545449181189/photo/1
PMC COVID-19 Forecasting Model, Oct 7, 2024
🧵 3/4
Relative to the Northeast, transmission is 2x higher in the Midwest/South & 2.5x higher in the West region.
However, the CDC regions mask extreme variation within region. The 7 highest-transmission states are far north.
https://x.com/michael_hoerger/status/1843154509205283018/photo/1
PMC COVID-19 Forecasting Model, Oct 7, 2024
🧵 4/4
Find the complete forecasting report, hundreds of pages of historical reports, and a technical manual documenting methodology and validity at the dashboard website.
http://pmc19.com/data
https://x.com/michael_hoerger/status/1843155020671238403/photo/1
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Study links COVID infection to heart attacks, strokes
Stephanie Soucheray | 9 Oct 2024
...Overall, the risk of a major cardiac event was elevated in COVID-19 patients at all levels of severity (hazard ratio HR, 2.09...) and to a greater extent, in those hospitalized for COVID-19 (HR, 3.85...)
...hospitalization for COVID-19 was a bigger risk factor for a cardiac event than having cardiovascular disease without COVID-19. Patients with COVID-19 had a 21% greater risk of heart attack, stroke, and death than people with cardiovascular disease without COVID-19 infection.
... Overall, non-O blood types (A, B, A/B) were more likely to suffer a major cardiac event after hospitalization, with an increased risk of thrombotic events in study participants with non-O blood types (HR, 1.65...)...
https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/covid-19/study-links-covid-infection-heart-attacks-st...
--------------------------------------
James R. Hilse et al. 2024. COVID-19 Is a Coronary Artery Disease Risk Equivalent and Exhibits a Genetic Interaction With ABO Blood Type. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. New online 9 October 2024. https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.124.321001 https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1161/ATVBAHA.124.321001 Open Access
Stephanie Soucheray | 9 Oct 2024
...Overall, the risk of a major cardiac event was elevated in COVID-19 patients at all levels of severity (hazard ratio HR, 2.09...) and to a greater extent, in those hospitalized for COVID-19 (HR, 3.85...)
...hospitalization for COVID-19 was a bigger risk factor for a cardiac event than having cardiovascular disease without COVID-19. Patients with COVID-19 had a 21% greater risk of heart attack, stroke, and death than people with cardiovascular disease without COVID-19 infection.
... Overall, non-O blood types (A, B, A/B) were more likely to suffer a major cardiac event after hospitalization, with an increased risk of thrombotic events in study participants with non-O blood types (HR, 1.65...)...
https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/covid-19/study-links-covid-infection-heart-attacks-st...
--------------------------------------
James R. Hilse et al. 2024. COVID-19 Is a Coronary Artery Disease Risk Equivalent and Exhibits a Genetic Interaction With ABO Blood Type. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. New online 9 October 2024. https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.124.321001 https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1161/ATVBAHA.124.321001 Open Access
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For how long after infection, I wonder? (I'm having difficulty accessing full study.)
Baran Erdik and Derek Homrich 2024. Driving Under the Cognitive Influence of COVID-19: Exploring the Impact of Acute SARS-CoV-2 Infection on Road Safety. Neurology, October 8, 2024. 103 (7_Supplement_1) S46-S47
https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0001051276.37012.c2 https://www.neurology.org/doi/abs/10.1212/01.wnl.0001051276.37012.c2 Free Access
ABSTRACT
...2020-2022
...Results
... regardless of Long COVID status
... association between acute COVID-19 rates and increased car crashes with an OR {odds ratio, a ratio of two odds} of 1.5 ...
... did not find a protective effect of vaccination against increased crash risks...
... comparable to driving under the influence of alcohol at legal limits or driving with a seizure disorder...
Baran Erdik and Derek Homrich 2024. Driving Under the Cognitive Influence of COVID-19: Exploring the Impact of Acute SARS-CoV-2 Infection on Road Safety. Neurology, October 8, 2024. 103 (7_Supplement_1) S46-S47
https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0001051276.37012.c2 https://www.neurology.org/doi/abs/10.1212/01.wnl.0001051276.37012.c2 Free Access
ABSTRACT
...2020-2022
...Results
... regardless of Long COVID status
... association between acute COVID-19 rates and increased car crashes with an OR {odds ratio, a ratio of two odds} of 1.5 ...
... did not find a protective effect of vaccination against increased crash risks...
... comparable to driving under the influence of alcohol at legal limits or driving with a seizure disorder...
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Prof. Akiko Iwasaki {Yale} @VirusesImmunity | 2:04 PM · Oct 11, 2024 {X}:
https://x.com/VirusesImmunity/status/1844801167722709000
https://threadreaderapp.com/thread/1844801167722709000.html
Much-needed data on the genetics of #longCOVID in a new preprint by @23andMeResearch
- ... identified 3 loci pointing to immune and thrombo-inflammatory mechanisms 🔥 ...
Graph (https://x.com/VirusesImmunity/status/1844801167722709000/photo/1) ...
------------------------------------------
Ninad S Chaudhary et al. 2024. Multi-ancestry GWAS {genome-wide association study} of Long COVID identifies immune-related loci and etiological links to chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia and depression. MedRxiv 9 Oct 2024. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.10.07.24315052 https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.07.24315052v1
This article is a preprint and has not been certified by peer review
...In summary, the largest multi-ancestry GWAS of Long COVID to date highlights new biological mechanisms independent of COVID-19 susceptibility. Furthermore, we report robust genetic correlations between Long COVID and a number of phenotypes with similar symptoms, including chronic fatigue, fibromyalgia, and depression, as well as a causal effect of liability to these conditions on Long COVID. Together, these findings can
help identify at-risk individuals for Long COVID, as well as provide novel insights that support developing therapeutic options for both Long COVID and symptomatically similar conditions.
·
https://x.com/VirusesImmunity/status/1844801167722709000
https://threadreaderapp.com/thread/1844801167722709000.html
Much-needed data on the genetics of #longCOVID in a new preprint by @23andMeResearch
- ... identified 3 loci pointing to immune and thrombo-inflammatory mechanisms 🔥 ...
Graph (https://x.com/VirusesImmunity/status/1844801167722709000/photo/1) ...
------------------------------------------
Ninad S Chaudhary et al. 2024. Multi-ancestry GWAS {genome-wide association study} of Long COVID identifies immune-related loci and etiological links to chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia and depression. MedRxiv 9 Oct 2024. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.10.07.24315052 https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.07.24315052v1
This article is a preprint and has not been certified by peer review
...In summary, the largest multi-ancestry GWAS of Long COVID to date highlights new biological mechanisms independent of COVID-19 susceptibility. Furthermore, we report robust genetic correlations between Long COVID and a number of phenotypes with similar symptoms, including chronic fatigue, fibromyalgia, and depression, as well as a causal effect of liability to these conditions on Long COVID. Together, these findings can
help identify at-risk individuals for Long COVID, as well as provide novel insights that support developing therapeutic options for both Long COVID and symptomatically similar conditions.
·
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54 million COVID cases went unreported in 2022, study says. Here’s how to make your at-home test count
Lindsey Leake | October 9, 2024
... “People probably are not self-reporting because they don’t want to have to not go to work—or they may want to go to work ... and they may not want other people to know,” {Dr. Sujata Ambardar, an infectious disease specialist at Inova Fairfax Hospital in Falls Church, Va.} tells Fortune...
... Between Feb. 1, 2022, and Jan. 1, 2023, an estimated 54 million adult COVID cases were unaccounted for in official records*... That’s more than twice as many as those documented. At the state level, unaccounted infections ranged from 59,000 in Wyoming to 6.3 million in California. Researchers cited the government-led mass distribution of at-home tests as a possible driver of the discrepancies...
https://fortune.com/well/article/how-to-report-home-covid-test-results-positive-...
------------------------------------
Mauricio Santillana et al. 2024. Tracking COVID-19 Infections Using Survey Data on Rapid At-Home Tests. JAMA Netw Open. 30 Sept 2024;7(9):e2435442. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.35442 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2824211
... Survey estimates suggest that a high number of confirmed infections may have been unaccounted for in official records starting in February 2022, when large-scale distribution of rapid at-home tests occurred; this finding was further confirmed by viral concentrations in wastewater ...
Lindsey Leake | October 9, 2024
... “People probably are not self-reporting because they don’t want to have to not go to work—or they may want to go to work ... and they may not want other people to know,” {Dr. Sujata Ambardar, an infectious disease specialist at Inova Fairfax Hospital in Falls Church, Va.} tells Fortune...
... Between Feb. 1, 2022, and Jan. 1, 2023, an estimated 54 million adult COVID cases were unaccounted for in official records*... That’s more than twice as many as those documented. At the state level, unaccounted infections ranged from 59,000 in Wyoming to 6.3 million in California. Researchers cited the government-led mass distribution of at-home tests as a possible driver of the discrepancies...
https://fortune.com/well/article/how-to-report-home-covid-test-results-positive-...
------------------------------------
Mauricio Santillana et al. 2024. Tracking COVID-19 Infections Using Survey Data on Rapid At-Home Tests. JAMA Netw Open. 30 Sept 2024;7(9):e2435442. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.35442 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2824211
... Survey estimates suggest that a high number of confirmed infections may have been unaccounted for in official records starting in February 2022, when large-scale distribution of rapid at-home tests occurred; this finding was further confirmed by viral concentrations in wastewater ...
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Kevin A Brown et al. 2024. Euro Surveill . Association between delayed outbreak identification and SARS-CoV-2 infection and mortality among long-term care home residents, Ontario, Canada, March to November 2020: a cohort study. Euro Surveill. 2024 Oct;29(41). doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2024.29.41.2300719. https://www.eurosurveillance.org/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2024.29.41.2300719
Abstract
...
Methods
We studied SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks across LTC homes in Ontario, Canada from March to November 2020, before the COVID-19 vaccine rollout...
Results
We identified 632 SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks across 623 LTC homes. Of these, 36.4% ... outbreaks were identified late. Outbreaks identified late had more secondary infections (10.3% ...) and higher mortality (3.2% ...) compared with outbreaks identified early (infections: 3.3% ..., mortality: 0.9% ...). After adjustment for 12 LTC home covariates, the incidence of secondary infections in outbreaks identified late was 2.90-fold larger than that of outbreaks identified early (OR: 2.90 {Odds Ratio}).
Conclusions
The timeliness of outbreak identification could be used to predict the trajectory of an outbreak, plan outbreak measures and retrospectively provide feedback for quality improvement, with the objective of reducing the impacts of respiratory infections in LTC home residents.
Abstract
...
Methods
We studied SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks across LTC homes in Ontario, Canada from March to November 2020, before the COVID-19 vaccine rollout...
Results
We identified 632 SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks across 623 LTC homes. Of these, 36.4% ... outbreaks were identified late. Outbreaks identified late had more secondary infections (10.3% ...) and higher mortality (3.2% ...) compared with outbreaks identified early (infections: 3.3% ..., mortality: 0.9% ...). After adjustment for 12 LTC home covariates, the incidence of secondary infections in outbreaks identified late was 2.90-fold larger than that of outbreaks identified early (OR: 2.90 {Odds Ratio}).
Conclusions
The timeliness of outbreak identification could be used to predict the trajectory of an outbreak, plan outbreak measures and retrospectively provide feedback for quality improvement, with the objective of reducing the impacts of respiratory infections in LTC home residents.
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Dilip Thomas et al. 2024. CCL2-mediated endothelial injury drives cardiac dysfunction in long COVID. Nature Cardiovascular Research volume 3, pages 1249–1265 (14 Oct 2024) . https://www.nature.com/articles/s44161-024-00543-8
Abstract
Evidence linking the endothelium to cardiac injury in long coronavirus disease (COVID) is well documented, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Here we show that cytokines released by endothelial cells (ECs) contribute to long-COVID-associated cardiac dysfunction. ... These findings suggest that EC-released cytokines contribute to cardiac dysfunction in long COVID, highlighting the importance of early vascular health monitoring in patients with long COVID.
Abstract
Evidence linking the endothelium to cardiac injury in long coronavirus disease (COVID) is well documented, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Here we show that cytokines released by endothelial cells (ECs) contribute to long-COVID-associated cardiac dysfunction. ... These findings suggest that EC-released cytokines contribute to cardiac dysfunction in long COVID, highlighting the importance of early vascular health monitoring in patients with long COVID.
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Ziyad Al-Aly 2024. Long Covid is a significant health crisis in China too. (Comment). The Lance Regional Health Western Pacific. Volume 52101223, November 2024. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanwpc/article/PIIS2666-6065(24)00217-7/fullt... . Open access
... a report by Qin and colleagues provides insights into the colossal scale of Long Covid that resulted from those infections.5 Their large-scale survey of 74,075 Chinese participants, one of the largest studies of its kind and the first from China, shows that approximately 10%–30% of survey participants reported experiencing Long Covid symptoms such as fatigue, memory decline, decreased exercise ability, and brain fog.5 The features of Long Covid in China mirror those observed in studies conducted in other parts of the world.6 This underscores the consistency of Long Covid features across national borders, cultures and healthcare settings...
... a report by Qin and colleagues provides insights into the colossal scale of Long Covid that resulted from those infections.5 Their large-scale survey of 74,075 Chinese participants, one of the largest studies of its kind and the first from China, shows that approximately 10%–30% of survey participants reported experiencing Long Covid symptoms such as fatigue, memory decline, decreased exercise ability, and brain fog.5 The features of Long Covid in China mirror those observed in studies conducted in other parts of the world.6 This underscores the consistency of Long Covid features across national borders, cultures and healthcare settings...
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RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT
COVID survivors may develop dementia
They are also at higher risk of depression, anxiety and insomnia
Nature | 21 October 2024
... more than 80% of people tested reported at least one of four symptoms – depression, anxiety, stress and insomnia – ranging from mild to severe.
Patients with higher socioeconomic status experienced less anxiety. At least 6.1% of the patients were diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment and 4% developed dementia.
More than 60% of the patients experienced a loss of taste and smell during the active phase of the infection. This could alter the function of brain areas linked to cognitive ability and emotional well-being, the researchers say.
https://www.nature.com/articles/d44151-024-00168-7
-------------------------------------
Chakrabarty, M. et al. Mental health problems raise the odds of cognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors. Front. Psychiatry. 15 (2024) https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1370...
Abstract
... Background: COVID-19 survivors around the globe are suffering from mental health issues. While mental health problems can be an early warning sign of dementia, they may also increase the chances of developing the disease. In this study, we examined the mental health of COVID-19 survivors and mapped its associations with cognitive and demographic variables.
Method: COVID-19 survivors listed in the databases of three tertiary care hospitals {hospitals which can provide specialized care such as renal dialysis or heart surgery} in Kolkata were contacted sequentially. 376 willing patients were interviewed over the telephone. 99 COVID-19 patients and 31 matched controls participated in the in-person interviews that were arranged for a more detailed investigation. The participants were administered standardized tests that are widely used for the assessment of cognitive functioning and mental health status.
Result: 64.89% of COVID-19 survivors reported a deterioration in physical functioning. 44.95% reported a decline in mental health, whereas 41.49% reported a drop in cognitive performance. Detailed investigations revealed that they had an increased risk of having depression, anxiety, and poor sleep quality by 91%, 68%, and 140%, respectively. 6.1% of the patients had mild cognitive impairment, and 4% had dementia. COVID-19 patients who had depression and anxiety were 8.6 and 19.4 times more likely to have cognitive decline, respectively. Compared to the matched controls, COVID-19 patients had greater depression ... , anxiety ... , stress ... , and insomnia ... They also scored significantly lower on Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination-III ... and Picture Naming Test ... and took significantly longer to complete Trail Making Test-A ....
Conclusion: COVID-19 survivors in this study had major mental health issues even one year after contracting the virus. They had significant cognitive deficits that might progress into dementia. Strict monitoring and systematic treatment plans should be implemented as soon as possible.
...DISCUSSION
...COVID-19 severity was found to be substantially related to perceived impairment in physical, mental, and cognitive functioning, which is consistent with its association with higher BAI {Beck’s Anxiety Inventory} scores. The result is in tune with Rasulo et al., who reported that 50% of ICU survivors had new physical, mental, and/or cognitive problems even one year after their discharge ... The study is also consistent with a study that stated patients who were bedridden for more than seven days had a higher risk of developing symptoms of depression and anxiety ... In line with the above studies, we also found that the number of days in the hospital had a significant association with perceived physical impairment. It was also positively correlated with TMT-A and TMT-B {trail-making tests used to assess visual attention and task switching}, indicating a decline in psychomotor processing speed and cognitive ability, and negatively correlated with the forward DST, signifying a deficit in memory and attention. Thus, patients who stayed longer in the hospital (and were consequently more likely to have greater severity) had a higher probability of having a deficit in short-term verbal memory, focused attention, visual attention, psychomotor processing speed, and executive functioning. Excessive anxiety can impair executive function ... , memory ... , attention ... , and processing speed ... In concurrence with the above discussion, BAI was negatively correlated with ACE-III {commonly used tests for dementia assessmen}, which measures overall cognition.
We investigated how the demographic parameters modulated the health and cognitive status of COVID-19 patients. SES {socioeconomic status} was a significant predictor of anxiety. Patients with higher SES had less anxiety. The result is quite anticipated considering the loss of jobs, dip in incomes, and economic disruptions that the urban poor of this country have endured during and after the pandemic ... Consequently, patients of low socioeconomic status had to deal with the daily ordeal of eking out a living in these difficult times, apart from coping with the burden of the health problems that COVID-19 has precipitated. The outcome of the cognitive tests raises concern for COVID-19 patients with lower educational levels, higher age groups, and lower socioeconomic status. These three demographic variables significantly predicted the outcome of one of the most commonly used tests for dementia assessment, the ACE-III. Higher age was associated with poor performance in all the cognitive tests except PNT. Similarly, lower education indicated poor performance in the ACE-III, PNT, TMT-B, and DST-Backward tests, which play a crucial role in the diagnosis of dementia. Therefore, COVID-19 patients with lower education and older ages need special attention. Education and age are the two critical factors that modulate the risk of dementia. While lower education has been consistently linked with the risk of dementia ..., older age is reckoned as the biggest risk factor for dementia ... Low socioeconomic status can also exacerbate the risk of dementia. Marden et al. stated that a stable socioeconomic status in early and adult life “predicted the best memory function and the slowest decline.” ... The COVID-19 patients in our study had mental health issues as well as cognitive disruptions that might progress to dementia. Close monitoring and regular checkups are needed for early detection of cognitive impairment and timely intervention...
COVID survivors may develop dementia
They are also at higher risk of depression, anxiety and insomnia
Nature | 21 October 2024
... more than 80% of people tested reported at least one of four symptoms – depression, anxiety, stress and insomnia – ranging from mild to severe.
Patients with higher socioeconomic status experienced less anxiety. At least 6.1% of the patients were diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment and 4% developed dementia.
More than 60% of the patients experienced a loss of taste and smell during the active phase of the infection. This could alter the function of brain areas linked to cognitive ability and emotional well-being, the researchers say.
https://www.nature.com/articles/d44151-024-00168-7
-------------------------------------
Chakrabarty, M. et al. Mental health problems raise the odds of cognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors. Front. Psychiatry. 15 (2024) https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1370...
Abstract
... Background: COVID-19 survivors around the globe are suffering from mental health issues. While mental health problems can be an early warning sign of dementia, they may also increase the chances of developing the disease. In this study, we examined the mental health of COVID-19 survivors and mapped its associations with cognitive and demographic variables.
Method: COVID-19 survivors listed in the databases of three tertiary care hospitals {hospitals which can provide specialized care such as renal dialysis or heart surgery} in Kolkata were contacted sequentially. 376 willing patients were interviewed over the telephone. 99 COVID-19 patients and 31 matched controls participated in the in-person interviews that were arranged for a more detailed investigation. The participants were administered standardized tests that are widely used for the assessment of cognitive functioning and mental health status.
Result: 64.89% of COVID-19 survivors reported a deterioration in physical functioning. 44.95% reported a decline in mental health, whereas 41.49% reported a drop in cognitive performance. Detailed investigations revealed that they had an increased risk of having depression, anxiety, and poor sleep quality by 91%, 68%, and 140%, respectively. 6.1% of the patients had mild cognitive impairment, and 4% had dementia. COVID-19 patients who had depression and anxiety were 8.6 and 19.4 times more likely to have cognitive decline, respectively. Compared to the matched controls, COVID-19 patients had greater depression ... , anxiety ... , stress ... , and insomnia ... They also scored significantly lower on Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination-III ... and Picture Naming Test ... and took significantly longer to complete Trail Making Test-A ....
Conclusion: COVID-19 survivors in this study had major mental health issues even one year after contracting the virus. They had significant cognitive deficits that might progress into dementia. Strict monitoring and systematic treatment plans should be implemented as soon as possible.
...DISCUSSION
...COVID-19 severity was found to be substantially related to perceived impairment in physical, mental, and cognitive functioning, which is consistent with its association with higher BAI {Beck’s Anxiety Inventory} scores. The result is in tune with Rasulo et al., who reported that 50% of ICU survivors had new physical, mental, and/or cognitive problems even one year after their discharge ... The study is also consistent with a study that stated patients who were bedridden for more than seven days had a higher risk of developing symptoms of depression and anxiety ... In line with the above studies, we also found that the number of days in the hospital had a significant association with perceived physical impairment. It was also positively correlated with TMT-A and TMT-B {trail-making tests used to assess visual attention and task switching}, indicating a decline in psychomotor processing speed and cognitive ability, and negatively correlated with the forward DST, signifying a deficit in memory and attention. Thus, patients who stayed longer in the hospital (and were consequently more likely to have greater severity) had a higher probability of having a deficit in short-term verbal memory, focused attention, visual attention, psychomotor processing speed, and executive functioning. Excessive anxiety can impair executive function ... , memory ... , attention ... , and processing speed ... In concurrence with the above discussion, BAI was negatively correlated with ACE-III {commonly used tests for dementia assessmen}, which measures overall cognition.
We investigated how the demographic parameters modulated the health and cognitive status of COVID-19 patients. SES {socioeconomic status} was a significant predictor of anxiety. Patients with higher SES had less anxiety. The result is quite anticipated considering the loss of jobs, dip in incomes, and economic disruptions that the urban poor of this country have endured during and after the pandemic ... Consequently, patients of low socioeconomic status had to deal with the daily ordeal of eking out a living in these difficult times, apart from coping with the burden of the health problems that COVID-19 has precipitated. The outcome of the cognitive tests raises concern for COVID-19 patients with lower educational levels, higher age groups, and lower socioeconomic status. These three demographic variables significantly predicted the outcome of one of the most commonly used tests for dementia assessment, the ACE-III. Higher age was associated with poor performance in all the cognitive tests except PNT. Similarly, lower education indicated poor performance in the ACE-III, PNT, TMT-B, and DST-Backward tests, which play a crucial role in the diagnosis of dementia. Therefore, COVID-19 patients with lower education and older ages need special attention. Education and age are the two critical factors that modulate the risk of dementia. While lower education has been consistently linked with the risk of dementia ..., older age is reckoned as the biggest risk factor for dementia ... Low socioeconomic status can also exacerbate the risk of dementia. Marden et al. stated that a stable socioeconomic status in early and adult life “predicted the best memory function and the slowest decline.” ... The COVID-19 patients in our study had mental health issues as well as cognitive disruptions that might progress to dementia. Close monitoring and regular checkups are needed for early detection of cognitive impairment and timely intervention...
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Repeated COVID vaccinations found to enhance mucosal immunity against the virus
VIB (the Flanders Institute for Biotechnology) | October 23, 2024
...Ph.D. student Jozefien Declercq (VIB-UGent) explains, "We found that individuals who received multiple doses of mRNA vaccines exhibited a marked increase in neutralizing antibodies in nasal secretions, which are essential for blocking viral entry. Not only that, but the immune responses generated by mRNA vaccines may persist longer than previously thought, which provides hope for sustained protection against emerging variants of the virus."...
https://medicalxpress.com/news/2024-10-covid-vaccinations-mucosal-immunity-virus...
--------------------------------------
Jozefien Declercq et al. 2024. Repeated COVID-19 mRNA-based vaccination contributes to SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody responses in the mucosa. Science Translational Medicine
23 Oct 2024. Vol 16, Issue 770. DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adn2364 https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/scitranslmed.adn2364
VIB (the Flanders Institute for Biotechnology) | October 23, 2024
...Ph.D. student Jozefien Declercq (VIB-UGent) explains, "We found that individuals who received multiple doses of mRNA vaccines exhibited a marked increase in neutralizing antibodies in nasal secretions, which are essential for blocking viral entry. Not only that, but the immune responses generated by mRNA vaccines may persist longer than previously thought, which provides hope for sustained protection against emerging variants of the virus."...
https://medicalxpress.com/news/2024-10-covid-vaccinations-mucosal-immunity-virus...
--------------------------------------
Jozefien Declercq et al. 2024. Repeated COVID-19 mRNA-based vaccination contributes to SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody responses in the mucosa. Science Translational Medicine
23 Oct 2024. Vol 16, Issue 770. DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adn2364 https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/scitranslmed.adn2364
97margd
Is the system letting down people who were harmed by Covid vaccines?
Fergus Walsh | 23 Oct 2024
... the Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine is credited with saving more lives in the first year of its use than any other - 6.3m globally compared to 5.9m for Pfizer/BioNTech’s jab.
...small minority {50} left injured or bereaved by the AstraZeneca vaccine ...
Around 50 families affected by rare blood clots have begun a group legal action for compensation under the Consumer Protection Act, arguing that the vaccine was not as safe as the public were entitled to expect...
https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1d5d6nng67o
Fergus Walsh | 23 Oct 2024
... the Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine is credited with saving more lives in the first year of its use than any other - 6.3m globally compared to 5.9m for Pfizer/BioNTech’s jab.
...small minority {50} left injured or bereaved by the AstraZeneca vaccine ...
Around 50 families affected by rare blood clots have begun a group legal action for compensation under the Consumer Protection Act, arguing that the vaccine was not as safe as the public were entitled to expect...
https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1d5d6nng67o
98margd
Connecticut: first state to filter air in every one of its classrooms!
Marina A. Creed FNP-BC, APRN, MSCN @MarinaC_Dyb |
2:10 PM · Oct 25, 2024 {X}
After 3 long, hard years of tireless work, our cross-campus, multi-discilinary academic team reaching our goal: State of CT support {$11.5 million} to scale up CR {Corsi Rosenthal air filtration} Boxes for every classroom in Connecticut! 💪🌬️💫💫
This passion project started from the point of care at uconnhealth
🏥where I have been treating people living with MS since 2017 as a neuro-immunology nurse practitioner. 👩⚕️
When the 🦠 pandemic struck, my immunosuppressed patients were vulnerable - majority females with families and many educators that work in our CT Schools. 👩🏫👦🧒
https://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7236713/
I looked at the mitigation efforts in these hubs of our communities and saw a gap - no air purifiers in schools, while @JohnsHopkinsSPH and @HarvardChanSPH recommended this intervention.
https://centerforhealthsecurity.org/2021/new-report-school-ventilation-a-vital-t...
Marina A. Creed FNP-BC, APRN, MSCN @MarinaC_Dyb |
2:10 PM · Oct 25, 2024 {X}
After 3 long, hard years of tireless work, our cross-campus, multi-discilinary academic team reaching our goal: State of CT support {$11.5 million} to scale up CR {Corsi Rosenthal air filtration} Boxes for every classroom in Connecticut! 💪🌬️💫💫
This passion project started from the point of care at uconnhealth
🏥where I have been treating people living with MS since 2017 as a neuro-immunology nurse practitioner. 👩⚕️
When the 🦠 pandemic struck, my immunosuppressed patients were vulnerable - majority females with families and many educators that work in our CT Schools. 👩🏫👦🧒
https://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7236713/
I looked at the mitigation efforts in these hubs of our communities and saw a gap - no air purifiers in schools, while @JohnsHopkinsSPH and @HarvardChanSPH recommended this intervention.
https://centerforhealthsecurity.org/2021/new-report-school-ventilation-a-vital-t...
99margd
Timea Elisabeta Brandibur et al. 2024. Comparison of One-Year Post-Operative Evolution of Children Born of COVID-19-Positive Mothers vs. COVID-19-Negative Pregnancies Having Congenital Gastrointestinal Malformation and Having Received Proper Parenteral Nutrition during Their Hospital Stay. Pediatr. Rep. 25 Sept 2024, 16(4), 823-832; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric16040070 https://www.mdpi.com/2036-7503/16/4/70# . Open access.
..."In our one-year follow-up {small} study, it was seen that even after surgical correction of congenital gastrointestinal malformations, children born of COVID-19-positive pregnancies can suffer serious growth and developmental delays, and gastrointestinal health issues might be more common."...
..."In our one-year follow-up {small} study, it was seen that even after surgical correction of congenital gastrointestinal malformations, children born of COVID-19-positive pregnancies can suffer serious growth and developmental delays, and gastrointestinal health issues might be more common."...
100margd
Constantine I. Vardavas et al. 2024. Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 on aircraft: A scoping review. MedRxiv October 2024. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.10.22.24315911 https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.10.22.24315911v1
This article is a preprint and has not been certified by peer review
Abstract
Introduction: ... This review summarises reported contact-tracing data and evaluates the secondary attack rates (SAR) and factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 transmission in aircraft ...
Methods: ... December 2020 to November 2023 ...
Results: Thirty-one studies which assess SARS-CoV-2 transmission in 521 domestic and international flights were included in this systematic review. The SAR reported in the studies with an identified index case ranged from 0% to 16%. Significant variation in the reporting across studies was noted. Overall, the studies reported that using face masks or respirators by passengers and crew members during flight seemed to be a possible strategy for mitigating SARS-CoV-2 transmission while sitting within close proximity to index cases (2 or less seats in every direction) was associated with a higher SAR.
Conclusions: Our results are consistent with sporadic clusters happening onboard aircraft. Close proximity to COVID-19 cases within the aircraft was associated with a higher SAR. Our findings further underscore the need for a systematic approach to examining and reporting SARS-CoV-2 transmission onboard aircraft. This evidence may assist policymakers and transportation authorities in the development of emergency preparedness measures and travel guidance during the post-pandemic COVID-19 era.
This article is a preprint and has not been certified by peer review
Abstract
Introduction: ... This review summarises reported contact-tracing data and evaluates the secondary attack rates (SAR) and factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 transmission in aircraft ...
Methods: ... December 2020 to November 2023 ...
Results: Thirty-one studies which assess SARS-CoV-2 transmission in 521 domestic and international flights were included in this systematic review. The SAR reported in the studies with an identified index case ranged from 0% to 16%. Significant variation in the reporting across studies was noted. Overall, the studies reported that using face masks or respirators by passengers and crew members during flight seemed to be a possible strategy for mitigating SARS-CoV-2 transmission while sitting within close proximity to index cases (2 or less seats in every direction) was associated with a higher SAR.
Conclusions: Our results are consistent with sporadic clusters happening onboard aircraft. Close proximity to COVID-19 cases within the aircraft was associated with a higher SAR. Our findings further underscore the need for a systematic approach to examining and reporting SARS-CoV-2 transmission onboard aircraft. This evidence may assist policymakers and transportation authorities in the development of emergency preparedness measures and travel guidance during the post-pandemic COVID-19 era.
101margd
Having This Infection Doubles Your Heart Attack Risk, New Research Finds
Emily Laurence (Parade) | October 28, 2024
Parade via https://www.yahoo.com/news/having-infection-doubles-heart-attack-211508648.html
-------------------------------------
James R. Hilser et al. 2024. COVID-19 Is a Coronary Artery Disease Risk Equivalent and Exhibits a Genetic Interaction With ABO Blood Type. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 9 Oct 2024. Volume 44, Number 11. https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.124.321001 https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/ATVBAHA.124.321001
ABSTRACT
METHODS: ... between February 1, 2020 and December 31, 2020 ... evaluate COVID-19 for association with long-term (more than 1000 days) risk of MACE {major adverse cardiac events} and as a coronary artery disease risk equivalent ...
RESULTS: The risk of MACE was elevated in COVID-19 cases at all levels of severity (HR {hazard ratio}, 2.09 ...) and to a greater extent in cases hospitalized for COVID-19 (HR, 3.85 ... ). Hospitalization for COVID-19 represented a coronary artery disease risk equivalent since incident MACE risk among cases without history of cardiovascular disease was even higher than that observed in patients with cardiovascular disease without COVID-19 (HR, 1.21 ...). A significant genetic interaction was observed between the ABO locus and hospitalization for COVID-19 ..., with risk of thrombotic events being increased in subjects with non-O blood types (HR, 1.65 ...) to a greater extent than subjects with blood type O (HR, 0.96 ...).
CONCLUSIONS: Hospitalization for COVID-19 represents a coronary artery disease risk equivalent, with post–acute myocardial infarction and stroke risk particularly heightened in non-O blood types. These results may have important clinical implications and represent, to our knowledge, one of the first examples of a gene-pathogen exposure interaction for thrombotic events.
Emily Laurence (Parade) | October 28, 2024
Parade via https://www.yahoo.com/news/having-infection-doubles-heart-attack-211508648.html
-------------------------------------
James R. Hilser et al. 2024. COVID-19 Is a Coronary Artery Disease Risk Equivalent and Exhibits a Genetic Interaction With ABO Blood Type. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 9 Oct 2024. Volume 44, Number 11. https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.124.321001 https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/ATVBAHA.124.321001
ABSTRACT
METHODS: ... between February 1, 2020 and December 31, 2020 ... evaluate COVID-19 for association with long-term (more than 1000 days) risk of MACE {major adverse cardiac events} and as a coronary artery disease risk equivalent ...
RESULTS: The risk of MACE was elevated in COVID-19 cases at all levels of severity (HR {hazard ratio}, 2.09 ...) and to a greater extent in cases hospitalized for COVID-19 (HR, 3.85 ... ). Hospitalization for COVID-19 represented a coronary artery disease risk equivalent since incident MACE risk among cases without history of cardiovascular disease was even higher than that observed in patients with cardiovascular disease without COVID-19 (HR, 1.21 ...). A significant genetic interaction was observed between the ABO locus and hospitalization for COVID-19 ..., with risk of thrombotic events being increased in subjects with non-O blood types (HR, 1.65 ...) to a greater extent than subjects with blood type O (HR, 0.96 ...).
CONCLUSIONS: Hospitalization for COVID-19 represents a coronary artery disease risk equivalent, with post–acute myocardial infarction and stroke risk particularly heightened in non-O blood types. These results may have important clinical implications and represent, to our knowledge, one of the first examples of a gene-pathogen exposure interaction for thrombotic events.
102margd
Studies show long-COVID symptoms
1. distinct from other respiratory infections,
2. common in Marines
Stephanie Soucheray | 25 Oct 2024
Two new studies offer fresh insights into long COVID, with the first noting a greater neurological, cognitive, and fatigue impact compared with long-term symptoms after similar respiratory diseases, and the second demonstrating that a fourth of young Marines who contracted COVID-19 went on to develop long COVID.
Seven symptoms more common with long COVID
... Compared to patients hospitalized for other LRTIs (lower respiratory tract infections), COVID patients were more at risk for seven particular symptoms, including
loss of smell (OR, 1.80...),
loss of taste (OR, 1.52 ...),
rapid heart rate upon standing (OR, 1.60 ...),
problems with thinking (OR, 1.36 ...),
bone pain (OR, 1.33 ...),
mild fatigue (OR, 1.19 ...), and
severe fatigue (OR, 1.49 ...).
25% of Marines { = healthy, young men} developed long COVID
https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/covid-19/studies-show-long-covid-symptoms-distinct-ot...
1. distinct from other respiratory infections,
2. common in Marines
Stephanie Soucheray | 25 Oct 2024
Two new studies offer fresh insights into long COVID, with the first noting a greater neurological, cognitive, and fatigue impact compared with long-term symptoms after similar respiratory diseases, and the second demonstrating that a fourth of young Marines who contracted COVID-19 went on to develop long COVID.
Seven symptoms more common with long COVID
... Compared to patients hospitalized for other LRTIs (lower respiratory tract infections), COVID patients were more at risk for seven particular symptoms, including
loss of smell (OR, 1.80...),
loss of taste (OR, 1.52 ...),
rapid heart rate upon standing (OR, 1.60 ...),
problems with thinking (OR, 1.36 ...),
bone pain (OR, 1.33 ...),
mild fatigue (OR, 1.19 ...), and
severe fatigue (OR, 1.49 ...).
25% of Marines { = healthy, young men} developed long COVID
https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/covid-19/studies-show-long-covid-symptoms-distinct-ot...
103margd
Two studies describe economic burden, sex differences of long COVID
Stephanie Soucheray | November 15, 2024
Long COVID can cause substantial economic loss and missed days of work, and it can strike women more often than men—possibly because women have increased expression of an RNA gene implicated in autoimmunity—according to two new studies ...
... Billions in economic loss
... Women's immune systems may explain long-COVID differences
https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/covid-19/two-studies-describe-economic-burden-sex-dif...
-------------------------------------------------
Chen Chen et al. 2022. Global Prevalence of Post-Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Condition or Long COVID: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 226, Issue 9, 1 November 2022, Pages 1593–1607, https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiac136 https://academic.oup.com/jid/article/226/9/1593/6569364
-------------------------------------------------
Wang J, Goodfellow H, Walker S, et al. 2024. Trajectories of functional limitations, health-related quality of life and societal costs in individuals with long COVID: a population-based longitudinal cohort study. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e088538. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2024-088538 https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/14/11/e088538
-------------------------------------------------
Rebecca E. Hamlin et al. 2024. Sex differences and immune correlates of Long Covid development, symptom persistence, and resolution. Science Translational Medicine 13 Nov 2024, Vol 16, Issue 773. DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adr1032 https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/scitranslmed.adr1032
Stephanie Soucheray | November 15, 2024
Long COVID can cause substantial economic loss and missed days of work, and it can strike women more often than men—possibly because women have increased expression of an RNA gene implicated in autoimmunity—according to two new studies ...
... Billions in economic loss
... Women's immune systems may explain long-COVID differences
https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/covid-19/two-studies-describe-economic-burden-sex-dif...
-------------------------------------------------
Chen Chen et al. 2022. Global Prevalence of Post-Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Condition or Long COVID: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 226, Issue 9, 1 November 2022, Pages 1593–1607, https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiac136 https://academic.oup.com/jid/article/226/9/1593/6569364
-------------------------------------------------
Wang J, Goodfellow H, Walker S, et al. 2024. Trajectories of functional limitations, health-related quality of life and societal costs in individuals with long COVID: a population-based longitudinal cohort study. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e088538. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2024-088538 https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/14/11/e088538
-------------------------------------------------
Rebecca E. Hamlin et al. 2024. Sex differences and immune correlates of Long Covid development, symptom persistence, and resolution. Science Translational Medicine 13 Nov 2024, Vol 16, Issue 773. DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adr1032 https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/scitranslmed.adr1032
104margd
Science Translational Medicine
(current knowledge of Long Covid and other infection-associated chronic conditions (IACCs))
Volume 16 | Issue 773 | 13 Nov 2024
ONLINE COVER Weighed Down. The cover image symbolizes the burden that individuals with Long Covid bear as a consequence of infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, red virion). This Special Issue highlights our current knowledge of Long Covid and other infection-associated chronic conditions (IACCs), emphasizing the work required to improve outcomes for the millions of people worldwide affected by IACCs.
An Editorial by Marrazzo et al. describes the goals and impact of the NIH RECOVER Initiative for improving diagnosis and treatment of Long Covid.
Four Viewpoints discuss the long-term effects of COVID-19 in children (Saydah et al.),
how Long Covid informs our understanding of other IACCs (Peluso et al.),
sex-specific differences in Long Covid (Silva and Iwasaki), and
how another IACC, posttreatment Lyme disease, is shedding light on IACC diagnosis and treatment (Marques).
One Review article discusses animal models of Long Covid (Schäfer et al.), and
another Review provides a comprehensive analysis of potential drivers of and candidate therapeutics for Long Covid (Antar and Cox).
A Research Article reporting how sex-specific differences during acute COVID-19 correlate with Long Covid development and resolution (Hamlin et al.) completes this Special Issue.
https://www.science.org/toc/stm/16/773
(current knowledge of Long Covid and other infection-associated chronic conditions (IACCs))
Volume 16 | Issue 773 | 13 Nov 2024
ONLINE COVER Weighed Down. The cover image symbolizes the burden that individuals with Long Covid bear as a consequence of infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, red virion). This Special Issue highlights our current knowledge of Long Covid and other infection-associated chronic conditions (IACCs), emphasizing the work required to improve outcomes for the millions of people worldwide affected by IACCs.
An Editorial by Marrazzo et al. describes the goals and impact of the NIH RECOVER Initiative for improving diagnosis and treatment of Long Covid.
Four Viewpoints discuss the long-term effects of COVID-19 in children (Saydah et al.),
how Long Covid informs our understanding of other IACCs (Peluso et al.),
sex-specific differences in Long Covid (Silva and Iwasaki), and
how another IACC, posttreatment Lyme disease, is shedding light on IACC diagnosis and treatment (Marques).
One Review article discusses animal models of Long Covid (Schäfer et al.), and
another Review provides a comprehensive analysis of potential drivers of and candidate therapeutics for Long Covid (Antar and Cox).
A Research Article reporting how sex-specific differences during acute COVID-19 correlate with Long Covid development and resolution (Hamlin et al.) completes this Special Issue.
https://www.science.org/toc/stm/16/773
105margd
Laura Rebecca Pfrommer et al. 2024. Post-COVID recovery is faster after an infection with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant: a population-based cohort study. Infection 18 Nov 2024. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s15010-024-02438-z . Open access
Abstract
... Results. Among the 4,529 respondents {Germany} with PCC {Post-COVID Condition} included in our analyses, about
26% of those infected during dominance of the SARS-CoV-2 wildtype,
19% (Alpha),
36%, (Delta), and
44% (Omicron variant)
had recovered one year after infection, respectively.
When stratifying by virus variant, vaccination was not associated with a faster recovery. Conversely, those infected with Omicron (HR = 2.20...) or Delta (HR = 1.69 ...) recovered faster than those infected with the SARS-CoV-2 wildtype or Alpha strain.
Conclusion
Although the recovery from PCC is faster for the newer virus variants, still a substantial fraction of those who developed PCC after an infection with the Omicron variant report prolonged persistence of symptoms.
Abstract
... Results. Among the 4,529 respondents {Germany} with PCC {Post-COVID Condition} included in our analyses, about
26% of those infected during dominance of the SARS-CoV-2 wildtype,
19% (Alpha),
36%, (Delta), and
44% (Omicron variant)
had recovered one year after infection, respectively.
When stratifying by virus variant, vaccination was not associated with a faster recovery. Conversely, those infected with Omicron (HR = 2.20...) or Delta (HR = 1.69 ...) recovered faster than those infected with the SARS-CoV-2 wildtype or Alpha strain.
Conclusion
Although the recovery from PCC is faster for the newer virus variants, still a substantial fraction of those who developed PCC after an infection with the Omicron variant report prolonged persistence of symptoms.
106margd
CDC Division of Reproductive Health @CDC_DRH | 11:04 AM · Nov 14, 2024:
New data show impact of COVID-19 pandemic on pregnancy-related deaths in 2021. View the data here: https://bit.ly/48X82Sn
Text: COVID-19 caused two out of every five pregnancy-related deaths in 2021.
https://x.com/CDC_DRH/status/1857137447668437300/photo/1
New data show impact of COVID-19 pandemic on pregnancy-related deaths in 2021. View the data here: https://bit.ly/48X82Sn
Text: COVID-19 caused two out of every five pregnancy-related deaths in 2021.
https://x.com/CDC_DRH/status/1857137447668437300/photo/1
107margd
Harry Spoelstra @HarrySpoelstra | 1:54 AM · Nov 23, 2024:
CardioVascular Surgeon, international clinical research, spin-offs, peer-Reviewer (Belgium)
Neurologic Manifestations of Long COVID Disproportionately Affect Young and Middle-Age Adults
🔥Very interesting and ALARMING cross-sectional study of the first consecutive 200 post-hospitalization Neuro-PASC (PNP) and 1,100 non-hospitalized Neuro-PASC (NNP) patients evaluated at a Neuro-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) clinic between May 2020 and March 2023.
➡️"Together, these data refute our initial hypothesis that the burden of Neuro-PASC will be greater for older adults."
➡️"Our study demonstrates the opposite finding that younger and middle-age patients with Neuro-PASC are more severely affected than older patients, regardless of the severity of their acute COVID-19 and hospitalization status."
➡️"These findings have immense public health impact given that Neuro-PASC significantly contributes to the leading global burden of disability and disease caused by neurologic disorders."
➡️"The impact of this condition causing disproportionate morbidity and disability in younger adults in their prime, who provide much of the workforce, productivity, and innovation in our society, may lead to critical issues of increased health care system burden, mental health crisis, socio-cultural deterioration, and economic recession."
🔥As I’ve said before, “HOUSTON”, we have a major problem! To make this even worse, this isn’t the only recently published study indicating the far-reaching SarsCoV2/Neuro-LC implications for our public health. WAKE-UP!!!
Natasha A. Choudhury MD et al. 2024. Neurologic Manifestations of Long COVID Disproportionately Affect Young and Middle-Age Adults. Annals of Neurology, 22 November 2024. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.27128 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ana.27128
Open Access
ABSTRACT ... Interpretation
Younger and middle-age individuals are disproportionally affected by Neuro-PASC {neurologic post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection} regardless of acute COVID-19 severity. Although older people more frequently have abnormal neurologic findings and comorbidities, younger and middle-age patients suffer from a higher burden of Neuro-PASC symptoms and cognitive dysfunction contributing to decreased QoL {quality of life} Neuro-PASC principally affects adults in their prime, contributing to profound public health and socioeconomic impacts warranting dedicated resources for prevention, diagnosis and interventions.
CardioVascular Surgeon, international clinical research, spin-offs, peer-Reviewer (Belgium)
Neurologic Manifestations of Long COVID Disproportionately Affect Young and Middle-Age Adults
🔥Very interesting and ALARMING cross-sectional study of the first consecutive 200 post-hospitalization Neuro-PASC (PNP) and 1,100 non-hospitalized Neuro-PASC (NNP) patients evaluated at a Neuro-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) clinic between May 2020 and March 2023.
➡️"Together, these data refute our initial hypothesis that the burden of Neuro-PASC will be greater for older adults."
➡️"Our study demonstrates the opposite finding that younger and middle-age patients with Neuro-PASC are more severely affected than older patients, regardless of the severity of their acute COVID-19 and hospitalization status."
➡️"These findings have immense public health impact given that Neuro-PASC significantly contributes to the leading global burden of disability and disease caused by neurologic disorders."
➡️"The impact of this condition causing disproportionate morbidity and disability in younger adults in their prime, who provide much of the workforce, productivity, and innovation in our society, may lead to critical issues of increased health care system burden, mental health crisis, socio-cultural deterioration, and economic recession."
🔥As I’ve said before, “HOUSTON”, we have a major problem! To make this even worse, this isn’t the only recently published study indicating the far-reaching SarsCoV2/Neuro-LC implications for our public health. WAKE-UP!!!
Natasha A. Choudhury MD et al. 2024. Neurologic Manifestations of Long COVID Disproportionately Affect Young and Middle-Age Adults. Annals of Neurology, 22 November 2024. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.27128 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ana.27128
Open Access
ABSTRACT ... Interpretation
Younger and middle-age individuals are disproportionally affected by Neuro-PASC {neurologic post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection} regardless of acute COVID-19 severity. Although older people more frequently have abnormal neurologic findings and comorbidities, younger and middle-age patients suffer from a higher burden of Neuro-PASC symptoms and cognitive dysfunction contributing to decreased QoL {quality of life} Neuro-PASC principally affects adults in their prime, contributing to profound public health and socioeconomic impacts warranting dedicated resources for prevention, diagnosis and interventions.
108margd
Eric Topol (Scripps) @EricTopol | 10:31 AM · Nov 23, 2024:
How well do vaccines protect vs #LongCovid, a systematic review during the Omicron era?
—about 20% reduced by primary series (vs no vaccination), and
—another 20% reduction by boosters vs primary series
Rhiannon Green et al. 2024. The impact of vaccination on preventing long COVID in the Omicron era: a systematic review and meta-analysis. MedRxiv 20 Nov 2024. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.11.19.24317487 https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.19.24317487v1
This article is a preprint and has not been certified by peer review
Fig 3 (https://x.com/EricTopol/status/1860345551197188188/photo/1)
How well do vaccines protect vs #LongCovid, a systematic review during the Omicron era?
—about 20% reduced by primary series (vs no vaccination), and
—another 20% reduction by boosters vs primary series
Rhiannon Green et al. 2024. The impact of vaccination on preventing long COVID in the Omicron era: a systematic review and meta-analysis. MedRxiv 20 Nov 2024. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.11.19.24317487 https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.11.19.24317487v1
This article is a preprint and has not been certified by peer review
Fig 3 (https://x.com/EricTopol/status/1860345551197188188/photo/1)
109margd
Danielle Beckman @DaniBeckman | 3:32 PM · Nov 25, 2024
Neuroscientist studying the brain microbiome. http://daniellebeckman.com #NeuroCovid is real.
Gentle reminder: even if you don't mask regularly, please mask inside airplanes.
Text (https://x.com/DaniBeckman/status/1861146053258682509/photo/1)
Sonja J. Olsen et al. 2003. Transmission of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome on Aircraft. N Engl J Med 18 Dec 2003;349:2416-2422. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa031349 https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa031349 https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa031349
Quote
Danielle Beckman @DaniBeckman | 3:18 PM · Nov 25, 2024:
How droplets from a cough flow through an airplane cabin when the virus is airborne. Video from Qingyan Chen, Purdue Univ. School of Mechanical Engineering
0:02 (https://x.com/DaniBeckman/status/1861142395280334890)
Neuroscientist studying the brain microbiome. http://daniellebeckman.com #NeuroCovid is real.
Gentle reminder: even if you don't mask regularly, please mask inside airplanes.
Text (https://x.com/DaniBeckman/status/1861146053258682509/photo/1)
Sonja J. Olsen et al. 2003. Transmission of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome on Aircraft. N Engl J Med 18 Dec 2003;349:2416-2422. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa031349 https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa031349 https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa031349
Quote
Danielle Beckman @DaniBeckman | 3:18 PM · Nov 25, 2024:
How droplets from a cough flow through an airplane cabin when the virus is airborne. Video from Qingyan Chen, Purdue Univ. School of Mechanical Engineering
0:02 (https://x.com/DaniBeckman/status/1861142395280334890)
110stellarexplorer
>109 margd: Thanks for this. I am taking my first flight next week since 2019, and this may assist in persuading my (adult) kids to mask. Although I wouldn’t bet on it ;)
111margd
>110 stellarexplorer: :) I so worry about my COVID-denying, anti-vaxxer relatives ... and their little kids. Still, it's tough to keep masking, even when one knows the risks. It's been so long that I've sat down in an indoor restaurant...
Long COVID is becoming a serious social and economic issue for Australia
Addressing this health challenge is vital to getting many people back participating fully in their lives.
Jason Murphy | Dec 02, 2024
... The result of infection is lasting symptoms. The result of lasting symptoms: suffering. As the report of the committee into long COVID says, long COVID causes “lost earnings, impacts on household finances, and, in some cases, an inability to work or to extend care to family members including children”. The effect can be seen clearly in the US where disability has risen very quickly since 2020 amid low vaccination rates and rampant infectious spread...
https://www.crikey.com.au/2024/12/02/long-covid-symptoms-viruses-health-labour-a...
------------------------------------------------------
Almost one-in-five suffering from long COVID
Australian National University | 28 Mar 2024
... almost one-in-five were still experiencing ongoing symptoms three months after their initial diagnosis
... risk of developing long COVID from the Omicron variant is higher than previously thought
... “The risk of long COVID was greater for women and people aged 50 to 69, as well as those with pre-existing health conditions and people who’d had fewer vaccine doses.”
... The most frequently reported symptom was tiredness and fatigue (70 per cent), followed by difficulty thinking or concentrating, or ‘brain fog’, sleep problems and coughing...
https://nceph.anu.edu.au/news-events/news/almost-one-five-suffering-long-covid
Long COVID is becoming a serious social and economic issue for Australia
Addressing this health challenge is vital to getting many people back participating fully in their lives.
Jason Murphy | Dec 02, 2024
... The result of infection is lasting symptoms. The result of lasting symptoms: suffering. As the report of the committee into long COVID says, long COVID causes “lost earnings, impacts on household finances, and, in some cases, an inability to work or to extend care to family members including children”. The effect can be seen clearly in the US where disability has risen very quickly since 2020 amid low vaccination rates and rampant infectious spread...
https://www.crikey.com.au/2024/12/02/long-covid-symptoms-viruses-health-labour-a...
------------------------------------------------------
Almost one-in-five suffering from long COVID
Australian National University | 28 Mar 2024
... almost one-in-five were still experiencing ongoing symptoms three months after their initial diagnosis
... risk of developing long COVID from the Omicron variant is higher than previously thought
... “The risk of long COVID was greater for women and people aged 50 to 69, as well as those with pre-existing health conditions and people who’d had fewer vaccine doses.”
... The most frequently reported symptom was tiredness and fatigue (70 per cent), followed by difficulty thinking or concentrating, or ‘brain fog’, sleep problems and coughing...
https://nceph.anu.edu.au/news-events/news/almost-one-five-suffering-long-covid
112margd
UConn Keeping Air in Connecticut Classrooms Safe
Lauren Woods - Schools of Medicine and Dental Medicine | October 24, 2024
$11.5 million in state support awarded to University of Connecticut to deploy effective and inexpensive build-it-yourself air filter technology {Corsi-Rosenthal air filter} to every public school classroom across the state.
https://today.uconn.edu/2024/10/uconn-keeping-air-in-connecticut-classrooms-safe...
Lauren Woods - Schools of Medicine and Dental Medicine | October 24, 2024
$11.5 million in state support awarded to University of Connecticut to deploy effective and inexpensive build-it-yourself air filter technology {Corsi-Rosenthal air filter} to every public school classroom across the state.
https://today.uconn.edu/2024/10/uconn-keeping-air-in-connecticut-classrooms-safe...
113margd
OT, but another amazing cognitive/behavioral intervention is the game Tetris to head off PTSD, which is more common than appreciated. (Mine followed hydroplaning on a major highway: driving in the rain triggered flashbacks for years after that...) https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-024-03569-8
Long COVID Symptoms Improve With Outpatient Intervention
— Cognitive and behavioral therapy boosted physical function in pragmatic trial
Judy George | December 19, 2024
A brief intervention based on cognitive and behavioral therapy improved physical function in people with long COVID.
Improvements were sustained throughout the 12-month study period....
https://www.medpagetoday.com/neurology/longcovid/113490
---------------------------------------------
Tom Farmen Nerli et al. 2024. Brief Outpatient Rehabilitation Program for Post–COVID-19 Condition
A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open. 19 Dec 2024;7(12):e2450744. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.50744 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2828267
... In this randomized clinical trial of 314 patients with PCC {post–COVID-19 condition}, self-reported physical function improved statistically and clinically significantly in the intervention group after 2 to 8 outpatient encounters. The effect was sustained over time and adverse effects were negligible...
-----------------------------------------------
Invited Commentary:
Trudie Chalder 2024. Rehabilitation Based on Cognitive Behavioral Model for Post–COVID-19 Condition. JAMA Netw Open. 19 Dec 2024;7(12):e2450756. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.50756 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2828271
... All secondary outcomes favored the intervention group, apart from smell and taste, where there was no significant difference between treatment arms ...
Long COVID Symptoms Improve With Outpatient Intervention
— Cognitive and behavioral therapy boosted physical function in pragmatic trial
Judy George | December 19, 2024
A brief intervention based on cognitive and behavioral therapy improved physical function in people with long COVID.
Improvements were sustained throughout the 12-month study period....
https://www.medpagetoday.com/neurology/longcovid/113490
---------------------------------------------
Tom Farmen Nerli et al. 2024. Brief Outpatient Rehabilitation Program for Post–COVID-19 Condition
A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open. 19 Dec 2024;7(12):e2450744. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.50744 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2828267
... In this randomized clinical trial of 314 patients with PCC {post–COVID-19 condition}, self-reported physical function improved statistically and clinically significantly in the intervention group after 2 to 8 outpatient encounters. The effect was sustained over time and adverse effects were negligible...
-----------------------------------------------
Invited Commentary:
Trudie Chalder 2024. Rehabilitation Based on Cognitive Behavioral Model for Post–COVID-19 Condition. JAMA Netw Open. 19 Dec 2024;7(12):e2450756. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.50756 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2828271
... All secondary outcomes favored the intervention group, apart from smell and taste, where there was no significant difference between treatment arms ...
114margd
You’ve never heard of the Covid booster with the fewest side effects
Novavax is just as effective, but far less likely to cause fevers and fatigue.
Keren Landman, MD | Dec 18, 2024
https://www.vox.com/even-better/391511/novavax-covid-vaccine-booster-mrna-pfizer...
Novavax is just as effective, but far less likely to cause fevers and fatigue.
Keren Landman, MD | Dec 18, 2024
https://www.vox.com/even-better/391511/novavax-covid-vaccine-booster-mrna-pfizer...
115margd
Study still undergoing peer review before publication: can't find preprint online ...
COVID pregnancies may have boosted autism risk, study shows
Jason Gale bloomberg | Dec 27, 2024
... pediatric infectious diseases physician Karin Nielsen ... UCLA’s Mattel Children’s Hospital ...
... General Movement Assessment, 14% of the infants showed signs of developmental problems. The test evaluates early motor functions and is often used to assess the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders including cerebral palsy.
... Later, during in-clinic assessments ... At 6-8 months old, 13 of 109 infants born to infected mothers — almost 12% — had failed to reach developmental milestones. In stark contrast, all infants in a control group born before the pandemic showed normal development.
... Around 11.6% of toddlers born to mothers with lab-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy showed cognitive, motor or language problems indicative of neurodevelopmental delays. By comparison, only two of 128 unexposed controls — 1.6% — showed such issues.
... When the eldest of the COVID-exposed babies reached 28 months, the study found another concerning pattern: 23 of 211 children — almost 11% — screened positive for autism spectrum disorder. The finding, presented in May at a medical conference in Copenhagen, compared with an expected prevalence of 1-2% at that age, when some children begin showing signs of the condition. Around one in 36 or under 3% of children are eventually diagnosed with autism, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
... emerging research suggests that babies exposed to COVID in utero face elevated risks for preterm birth, congenital heart abnormalities and rare conditions, such as organs developing on the opposite side of the body ...
... A limitation of Nielsen’s study is its relatively small sample size, with fewer than 250 mother-baby pairs. A robust understanding of the virus’ impact would likely require research involving more than 10,000 children...
https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2024/12/27/world/science-health/covid-pregnanc...
---------------------------------------
Vipin M. Vashishtha @vipintukur -- Pediatrician, ‘rational’ vaccine thinker, Editor Covid Vaccines, TB on Vaccines & many others, Past-Convener IAP COI, Member-WHO-VSN (https://t.co/eOvazlWULO)
Dec 27, 2024 • 10 tweets • 4 min read • https://threadreaderapp.com/thread/1872670426633208167.html
Read on X: https://x.com/vipintukur/status/1872670426633208167
COVID pregnancies may have boosted autism risk! ...
COVID pregnancies may have boosted autism risk, study shows
Jason Gale bloomberg | Dec 27, 2024
... pediatric infectious diseases physician Karin Nielsen ... UCLA’s Mattel Children’s Hospital ...
... General Movement Assessment, 14% of the infants showed signs of developmental problems. The test evaluates early motor functions and is often used to assess the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders including cerebral palsy.
... Later, during in-clinic assessments ... At 6-8 months old, 13 of 109 infants born to infected mothers — almost 12% — had failed to reach developmental milestones. In stark contrast, all infants in a control group born before the pandemic showed normal development.
... Around 11.6% of toddlers born to mothers with lab-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy showed cognitive, motor or language problems indicative of neurodevelopmental delays. By comparison, only two of 128 unexposed controls — 1.6% — showed such issues.
... When the eldest of the COVID-exposed babies reached 28 months, the study found another concerning pattern: 23 of 211 children — almost 11% — screened positive for autism spectrum disorder. The finding, presented in May at a medical conference in Copenhagen, compared with an expected prevalence of 1-2% at that age, when some children begin showing signs of the condition. Around one in 36 or under 3% of children are eventually diagnosed with autism, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
... emerging research suggests that babies exposed to COVID in utero face elevated risks for preterm birth, congenital heart abnormalities and rare conditions, such as organs developing on the opposite side of the body ...
... A limitation of Nielsen’s study is its relatively small sample size, with fewer than 250 mother-baby pairs. A robust understanding of the virus’ impact would likely require research involving more than 10,000 children...
https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2024/12/27/world/science-health/covid-pregnanc...
---------------------------------------
Vipin M. Vashishtha @vipintukur -- Pediatrician, ‘rational’ vaccine thinker, Editor Covid Vaccines, TB on Vaccines & many others, Past-Convener IAP COI, Member-WHO-VSN (https://t.co/eOvazlWULO)
Dec 27, 2024 • 10 tweets • 4 min read • https://threadreaderapp.com/thread/1872670426633208167.html
Read on X: https://x.com/vipintukur/status/1872670426633208167
COVID pregnancies may have boosted autism risk! ...
